the development gap

• What are global variations in economic development and quality of life?

  Differences in wealth and living standards
• What does development refer to in a country?

  Progress in standard of living and quality of life
• What is the development gap?

  Difference in living standards between countries
• How is Gross National Income (GNI) defined?

  Total value of goods, services, and net income
• How is GNI expressed?

  Per head (per capita) of the population
• What are NEEs?

  Newly Emerging Economies experiencing growth
• What does BRICS stand for?

  Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
• What does MINT stand for?

  Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
• What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?

  Life expectancy, education, and GNI per head
• What is the range of values for HDI?

  0 to 1, where 1 is highest
• What does quality of life consider beyond economic measures?

  Safety, security, freedom, and voting rights
• What are the economic and social measures of development?

  • Birth rate
  • Death rate
  • Infant mortality
  • Literacy rate
• How does the birth rate change as a country develops?

  It decreases as women become more educated
• What does a high death rate indicate in developed countries?

  Older populations with higher mortality rates
• What does infant mortality indicate about a country's health care system?

  Effectiveness of health care and life expectancy
• What does a high literacy rate signify?

  A good education system in the country
• What are the limitations of using a single measure of development?

  It can give a false average for the country
• What factors can limit the usefulness of development measures?

  Outdated data and informal economies
• What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) illustrate?

  • Changes in birth rate
  • Changes in death rate
  • Changes in total population
• What characterizes Stage 1 of the DTM?

  High birth and death rates with stable population
• What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?

  Rapid birth rate, decreasing death rate, population growth
• What characterizes Stage 3 of the DTM?

  Falling birth rate, low death rate, fluctuating births
• What characterizes Stage 4 of the DTM?

  Low birth rate and low death rate
• What do population pyramids indicate?

  • Population structure by age and gender
  • Changes with different DTM stages
• What does a narrowing base in a population pyramid indicate?

  Reducing birth rate in the population
• What does a taller 'tail' in a population pyramid indicate?

  Increasing life expectancy in the population
• What is the dependency ratio?

  Proportion of young and elderly to workers
• What are the causes of uneven development?

  • Physical causes (e.g., landlocked countries)
  • Economic causes (e.g., trade conditions)
  • Historical causes (e.g., colonialism)
• How do landlocked countries affect development?

  Cut off from sea trade routes
• How can climate-related diseases impact development?

  They affect the population's ability to work
• What economic factor keeps prices low for raw materials?

  Supply exceeding demand in LICs
• How does colonialism affect current development?

  Wealth concentrated in former European powers
• What are the disparities in wealth and health due to uneven development?

  • Wealth varies significantly between regions
  • Health care quality differs greatly
• What is the relationship between development and health care in poor countries?

  Poor health care leads to higher mortality rates
• What are the main causes of death in low-income countries?

  Communicable diseases among children
• What are the main causes of death in high-income countries?

  Chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer
• What types of migration exist?

  • Immigrant: moves into a country
  • Emigrant: moves out of a country
• What is the main reason for international migration?

  Uneven development across countries
• What fraction of deaths occurs among children under 5 years?

  1 in every 10 deaths
• What leads to disparities in wealth and health?

  • Uneven development
  • Affects causes of death in countries