History

• British Expansion and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
• 1612: First British post at Surat
• 1757: Battle of Plessey
• 1773: Regulating Act passed to make EIC accountable to British parliament
• 1800: EIC prohibits export of India Cloth to Britain
• 1839-41: Capture over Afghanistan and the great massacre by Afghanis on British
• 1843: British Annexes Sindh
• 1845: First Sikh War
• 1848-49: Second Sikh War
• 1857: War of Independence
• 1862: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan sets up the Scientific Society
• 1875: Sir Syed Ahmed founds the college at Aligarh
• 1885: Indian National Congress set up
• Mughal Period:
• 1707: Death of Aurangzeb
• 1738-9: Persian Invasion under Nadir Shah
• 1761: Marathan Army destroyed in the 3rd battle of Paniput
• The Pakistan Movement:
• 1905: Partition of Bengal; Swadeshi Movement by Hindus
• 1906: Hindus demand self government; All India Muslim League is set up
• 1911: Partition of Bengal reversed
• 1916: Lucknow Pact
• 1930: 1rst Round Table Conference. Allama Iqbal Allahabad Address
• 1940: Lahore Resolution; August Offer
• 1947: 3 June Plan. Pakistan and India achieve Independence
• 1948: Death of Quid-e-Azam; Water Dispute with India
• 1956: First Constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic
• 1971: War begins against Bangladesh. Bangladesh separates
• Pakistan's international relations:
• India:

  • 1948-49: Kahmir Issue and ceasefire. India stops Pakistan’s Water supply
• Relations with AFGHANISTAN:

  • 1947: Unfriendly relations due to border dispute of Wakhan Strip
• Pakistan Relation with Iran:

  • 1947: Iran is the first to Acknowledge Pakistan’s existence
• Titu Mir Biography:

  • Disciple of Syed Ahmed Shaheed
  • Real name was Mir Mirthar Ali
  • From West Bengal
  • Man of action like his teacher
  • Killed in 1831
• Beliefs:

  • Believed in the practicality of life
  • Stood against the rule and cruelty of British and Hindu Landlords
  • Stood against oppressors' rule
• Work:

  • Provoked the British and gave confidence to Muslims to stand against cruelty
  • Attacked Hindu Landlords and defeated them
  • Made village of Nalkerbaria his headquarters and gathered a small army
  • Constructed a Bamboo Fort for his army
• Importance:

  • Provoked fear in hearts of British and zamindars
  • Gathered a small army
  • Inspired Muslims to defend their religion and identity
• British Arrival and Expansion:

  • British merchants sought permission from Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with India in 1612
  • Trading post established in Surat in 1908, Bombay in 1664, Calcutta in 1690
  • EIC used Divide and Rule policy to capture India
  • Direct Wars fought with Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan, Nawab Siraj, and Mir Qasim
  • Subsidiary Alliances made with local princes
  • Doctrine of Lapse stated that rulers without male heirs would belong to British
  • Battle of Plessey led to EIC's rule over Bengal
• Assault on Afghanistan:

  • British invaded Afghanistan in 1939
  • Afghan rebels massacred British force within two years
• The Annexation of Sindh in 1843:

  • British attacked Sindh under Sir Charles Napier
  • Attacked to restore pride and capture the Bolan pass route
• The Capture of Punjab:

  • British captured Punjab to control trade routes
  • First Sikh War in 1845, Second Sikh War in 1848-49 led to British rule over Punjab