Funda

• Women's Role in historical perspective:

  • The care provided was related to physical maintenance and comfort
  • Emphasized humanistic caring, nurturing, comforting, and supporting
  • Involved care and nurturing of other members
• Men's Role in historical perspective:

  • Nursing was considered women's work and combat was men's work
  • In 1981, the American Assembly for Men in Nursing (AAMN) was established
  • During WW II, auxiliary healthcare workers were prominent
• Societal Attitudes:

  • Woman's place was in the home and no respectable woman should have a career
  • Nurses in the mid-1800s were poorly educated, some were even incarcerated criminals
  • Negative image of nurses represented by Sairey Gamp in the 1800s
  • Guardian angel or angel of mercy image arose during the Crimean War due to Florence Nightingale's work
• • Lavinia Dock: Feminist, political activist, founded the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States
  • Margaret Higgins Sanger: Founder of the birth control movement in the United States
  • Mary Breckinridge: Established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
• Nursing Leaders:

  • Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory, "Lady with the Lamp", first nurse to exert political pressure on government
  • Clara Barton: Established American Red Cross
  • Linda Richards: America's first trained nurse, introduced nurse's notes and doctor's orders
  • Mary Eliza Mahoney: First African-American professional nurse, co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN)
  • Lillian Wald: Founder of Public Health Nursing, provided nursing services to the poor in New York slums
• Nursing Education:

  • Focus on teaching knowledge and skills for nursing practice in hospital settings
  • Nursing roles have evolved in response to new scientific knowledge, technologies, and societal changes
  • Emphasis on critical thinking and application of nursing knowledge to health promotion and restoration
• • Manager: Assign and delegate nursing activities, supervise performance
  • Case Manager: Monitor outcomes of the case management plan
• Roles and Functions of Nurses:

  • Caregiver: Provide full care for dependent clients, educative care, and support
  • Communicator: Identify client problems and communicate with the healthcare team
  • Teacher: Help clients learn about their health and healthcare procedures
  • Client Advocate: Protect the client's rights and assist in speaking up
  • Counselor: Help clients cope with psychosocial problems and promote personal growth
  • Change Agent: Make changes in the healthcare system for client's benefit
  • Leader: Influence others to accomplish goals
• Evidence-Based Practice:

  • Integrating best current evidence, expertise, and patient/family preferences for healthcare delivery
  • Involves research activities, sharing knowledge with other nurses
  • 7 Steps in Changing Practice:

  1. Cultivate a spirit of inquiry

  2. Ask clinical questions

  3. Search for the best evidence

  4. Critically appraise the evidence

  5. Integrate evidence with clinical expertise and client/family preferences

  6. Implement and evaluate outcomes of the intervention

  7. Disseminate the outcomes
• Primary Prevention:

  • Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
  • Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
  • Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all
  • Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health and well-being for all
  • Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages
• • Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all
• Secondary Prevention:

  • Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Focus significant resources on clients who require emergency, intensive, and around-the-clock acute care
  • Accomplished through routine screening of the population and focused screening of those at increased risk of developing certain conditions
• Tertiary Prevention:

  • Health Restoration, and Palliative Care
  • To help individuals move to their previous level of health or to the highest level they are capable of given their current health status
  • Emphasizes the importance of assisting clients to function adequately in the physical, mental, social, economic, and vocational areas of their lives
• • Clients usually go for routine health screening, illness diagnosis, and treatment, obtaining specimens, assisting with procedures, and providing some treatments
• Types of Healthcare Agencies and Services:

  • Established at the local, state, and federal levels to provide public health services
  • Funds usually generated from taxes, administered by elected or appointed officials
  • Local health departments responsible for developing programs to meet the health needs of individuals, providing necessary nursing and other staff and facilities, continually evaluating the effectiveness of the programs, and monitoring changing needs
• Ambulatory Care Centers:

  • Out-Patient setting
  • Provide medical, nursing, laboratory, and radiologic services, and they may or may not be associated with an acute care hospital
  • Provide services to individuals who require minor surgical procedures that can be performed outside the hospital
  • Gaining importance as a setting for employee healthcare
  • Functions include work safety and health education, annual employee health screening for tuberculosis, hypertension, and obesity, caring for employees following injury, counseling, and maintaining immunization information
• Hospitals:

  • Classified according to ownership or control as governmental (public) or nongovernmental (private)
  • General hospitals have a variety of services, such as medical, surgical, obstetric, pediatric, and psychiatric services
  • Academic medical centers are directly associated with medical school
• Subacute Care Facilities:

  • Designed for someone who has an acute illness, injury, or exacerbation of the disease process
  • Does not depend heavily on high-technology monitoring or complex diagnostic procedures
  • May be delivered in long-term care facilities
• Extended (Long-Term) Care Facilities:

  • Formerly called nursing homes
  • Provide levels of personal care for those who are chronically ill or unable to care for themselves without assistance
• Retirement and Assisted Living Center:

  • Residents live relatively independently
  • Intended to meet the needs of individuals who are unable to remain at home but do not require hospital or nursing home care
  • Nurses provide limited care to residents but conduct significant care coordination and health promotion activities
• Rehabilitation Centers:

  • To assist clients to restore their health
  • Applied to all illness and injury
  • Coordinate with the client activities and ensure that clients are complying with the treatments
• Home Health Agencies:

  • Offers education to clients and families
  • Provides comprehensive care to clients who are acutely, chronically, or terminally ill
• Day Care Centers:

  • Provide care for infants and children while parents work
  • Provide care and nutrition for adults who cannot be left at home alone but do not need to be in the institution
  • Provide medications, treatments, and counseling
• Rural Care:

  • Provide emergency care to clients in rural areas
  • Nurses must be generalists who are able to manage a wide variety of clients and healthcare problems
• Hospice Service:

  • A place for travelers to rest
  • Interprofessional healthcare service for the dying
  • Nurse performs ongoing assessment of needs of the client and family and helps to find the appropriate resources and additional services for them as needed
• Crisis Centers:

  • Provide direct counseling to individuals
  • Help individuals cope with an immediate crisis and provide guidance and support for long therapy
• Mutual Support and Self-Help Groups:

  • Focus on major health problems or life crisis individuals experience
  • Varies with the needs of the client
• Healthcare Providers:

  • Chiropractors, herbalists, acupuncturists, massage therapists, reflexologists, holistic health healers
  • Ensure that clients receive appropriate care in the best setting
• Dentists:

  • Diagnose and treat mouth, jaw, and dental problems
• Dietitians and Nutritionists:

  • Dietitian has special knowledge about the diets required to maintain health and to treat disease
  • Nutritionist has special knowledge about nutrition and food and provides broad advisory services about the purchase and preparation of foods
• Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs):

  • Provide first-responder care in the community
  • Trained to assess, treat, and transport clients experiencing a medical emergency, accident, or trauma
  • Assist clients with impaired function to gain the skills to perform activities of daily living
• Assists clients with impaired function to gain the skills to perform activities of daily living
• Prepares and dispenses pharmaceuticals in hospital and community settings
• Monitor and evaluates the actions and effects of the medicine on clients
• Guides primary providers in prescribing the medicine
• Assists clients with musculoskeletal problems
• Assessing the client mobility and strength, providing therapeutic measures and teaching new skills
• Under the direction of the physician, they treat various diseases, conditions, and injuries
• Diagnose and treat foot and ankle conditions
• Licensed to perform surgery and prescribe medications