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• State 3 assumptions of the behaviourist approach

  1. Only observable/measure able behaviour should be studied
  2. tabula rasa (born as blank slate ) - no genetic influence on behaviour
  3. animals should replace humans as experimental subjects (basic processes that govern learning are the same for all species )
• Classical conditioning 


  Learning through association (to create a conditioned response )
• Who investigated classical conditioning ?

  Ivan Pavlov
• How is a conditioned response created ?

  By repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned stimulus ,uncomfitioned response and neutral stimulas in the experiment ’PAVLOVS DOGS ‘


  UCS- food

  UCR - salivating

  NS -bell
• what does neutral stimulus turn into after conditioning ?

  Conditioned stimulus
• Stages of pavlovs dogs

  1. food (UCS) ——>salivating (UCR)
  2. bell (NS) —-> no conditioned response
  3. food (UCS) + bell (NS)——>salivating (UCR)
  4. bell (CS) —-> salivating (CR)
• Who carried out ‘The little Albert study ‘ 


  Watson and raynor (1920)
• What was the study of little Albert ?

  9 month old was conditioned to have a phobia of white rats .

  -repeatedly paired the rat with a steel bar being struck

  -Albert learnt to associate the loud noise (UCS) with the white rat (NS) —> learnt response (CR) of fear to the white rat ( now the CS)
• what is operant conditioning ?


  Learning through consequences
• 3 types of consequences

  Positive/negative reinforcement , punishment
• Consequences that increase the likelihood of behaviour ?

  Positive and negative reinforcement
• Which consequence decreases the likelihood of behaviour ?

  Punishment
• Who investigated operant conditioning ?

  B.F. skinner -skinners rats
• Punishment in skinners box

  receiving an electric shock of the rat pressed the level
• Positive reinforcement in skinners box 


  Receiving a food pellet when the rat pressed the level
• Negative reinforcement I’m skinners box

  Pressing the lever to stop the electric shock
• what did skinner find ?

  Positive reinforcement - rat learnt to press level if repeatedly given food pellet when they press it

  negative reinforcement - rat learns to press lever if repeatedly the electric shock stops when they press it

  punishment - the rat learns to stop pressing the lever if repeatedly given an electric shock when they press it
• Real life example of operant Conditioning

  Gambling , video game addiction
• What is behaviourist approach

  Changes in behaviour that are caused by a persons direct experience of their environment using principles of CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING