[SCIENCE] Quarter 3_Endocrine System

• Messenger of Nervous System

  Electrical Impulses
• Chemical Messenger of Endocrine System

  Hormones
• Secretes particular chemical substances (hormones) for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings.

  Glands
• Carries messages through bloodstream to organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues.

  Hormones
• Secrete their product directly into the blood rather than through a duct

  Endocrine Glands
• Mixed Glands

  Heterocrine Glands
• • Pea-sided body attached to the base of the brain.
  • Master gland
  • Regulate the function of other endocrine glands.

  Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
• • Synthesizes and secretes tropic hormones

  Adenohypophysis
• Human growth hormone

  Somatotropin
• Regulates development of breast and lactation

  Prolactin
• For Women, Regulates Ovarian Follicle (Menstruation). For Men, Spermatogenesis (Sperm Production)

  Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Stimulates the function of thyroid gland

  Thyroid Hormone
• Regulates production of hormones in adrenal gland

  Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
• Anti-diuretic hormone (Release less water, decrease urine produced), Stimulates absorption of water in curved kidney tubules (Urine thickening), and constricting blood vessels (Increase blood pressure).

  Vasopressin
• Happy hormone, Acts on the smooth muscles of uterus, stimulates their contraction

  Oxytocin
• • Main link between endocrine system and nervous system
  • Body’s smart control coordinating center
  • Keep your body stable state (homeostasis)
  • Receives chemical messages from nerve cells in the brain (PNS) which are responding to outside signals.
  • Manage body temperature, hunger, thirst, sense of fullness when eating, mood, sex drive, sleep.

  Hypothalamus
• Growth hormone releasing hormone

  Growth Hormone
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

  Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

  Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
• Anti-diuretic hormone, regulates body water/urine volume, and blood pressure

  Vasopressin
• Birthing process (urine muscle contraction) and lactation (breast milk). Human bonding, sexual arousal, trust, recognition, sleep cycle, and feelings of well-being

  Oxytocin
• “feel good”, gives a sense of pleasure, motivation to do, and signals the pituitary to stop releasing prolactin.

  Dopamine
• Prevents secretion of other hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, cholecystokinin, and insulin.

  Somatostatin
• • Small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck.
  • Control the speed of metabolism

  Thyroid Gland
• Metabolism, mood, body temperature.

  Thyroxine (T4)
• Stimulates the nervous system resulting in increased wakefulness, alertness, and responsiveness to external stimuli.

  Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Once your thyroid releases T4 into your bloodstream, it can convert to T3 through a process called?

  Deiodination
• Reverses the T3 effects.

  Reverse Triiodothyronine (RT3)
• • Small pea-sized glands in the next just behind the thyroid gland.
  • Helping your; nerves work, muscles contract, blood clot, heart work properly
  • Controls phosphorus and vitamin D levels
  • Controls calcium level in blood.

  Parathyroid Gland
• • High calcium level
  • Weaken bones, kidney stones, interfere heart and brain function

  Hypercalcemia
• • Low phosphorous level in blood
  • Muscle weakness, respiratory or heart failure, seizures

  Hypophosphatemia
• Small, triangle-shaped glands on top of each kidneys.

  Help body in; Metabolism Immune System, Blood pressure, Response to stress, Development of sexual characteristics

  Adrenal Glands
• Control body’s use of fats, proteins, carbohydrates. Suppresses inflammation, regulates blood pressure, increases blood sugar, and helps control sleep-wake cycle. Released during time of stress to get an energy boost and handle emergency situation

  Cortisol
• Regulating blood pressure and levels of sodium and potassium (electrolytes), regulate your blood pH level through electrolytes.

  Aldosterone
• Weak male hormones, don’t have much biological impact, converted female hormones (estrogens) in the ovaries and male hormones (androgens) in the testes, androgens in the female body.

  DHEA and Androgenic Steroids
•  “Fight or Flight”, catecholamines, increase heart rate and force of heart contraction, blood flow to muscles and brain, and assist in glucose metabolism, control squeezing of blood vessels (vasoconstriction), released when physically and emotionally stressful situations.

  Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine):
• • Excessive hair growth.
  • Women or people assigned female at birth develop excessive hair growth due to high levels of androgen.

  Hirsutism
• • Autoimmune disease causing adrenal glands to produce lower cortisol and aldosterone

  Addison's Disease
• High cortisol, caused by tumor or medications

  Cushing's syndrome
• • Pineal body or epiphysis cerebri
  • Located beneath the back of corpus callosum
  • Secretes melatonin

  Pineal Gland