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• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the genetic information of an organism
• Humans, animals, plants, and bacteria all have DNA
• Nucleotide is the building block of DNA
• DNA contains instructions to create different types of proteins through genes
• The entire set of genes is called a genome, which is like a cookbook of an organism
• Genetic engineering is the altering of an organism's genome through DNA manipulation
• All DNA is made up of the same nucleotide, allowing genes from one organism to be interpreted by another
• Engineers can offer new genes to an organism to create different proteins
• Genetic Engineering Outline:
• Choose and identify an organism with a desirable gene
• Extract the DNA from the organism
• Remove the gene from the rest of the DNA using restriction enzymes
• Insert the new gene into the organism's DNA
• Recombinant DNA technology:
• Used in improving biology development
• Produces therapeutic products to lessen common diseases like AIDS, cancer, and anemia
• Helps overcome environmental issues, agriculture, and health through traditional medicines and breeding
• Plays a role in enhancing life for humans, microorganisms, and plants
• Gene Therapy:
• Advanced technique for curing genetic diseases
• Targets diseases like skin, lung, brain, and intestinal cancers
• Antibodies and Derivatives:
• Plants used in developing antibodies to help fight diseases
• Recombinant DNA allows plants to produce antibodies aiding the human body in fighting diseases
• Vaccines and Hormones:
• Recombinant vaccines are more effective than conventional ones
• Hormones like FSH can be produced using recombinant DNA technology
• Environment:
• Recombinant DNA technology helps in degrading pollutants and improving plant resistance
• Useful in absorbing water contaminants and remediating environmental pollutants
• Plants' metabolism aids in removing harmful chemicals from the environment
• Features of the History of Life on Earth:
• Geological time scale divides the history of life on Earth into Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs
• Each time period shows major climatic and geological events affecting species emergence and disappearance
• Important events and characteristics of organisms in different geological eras are outlined
• Mechanisms that Produce Change in Populations:
• Evolution leads to a change in genetic makeup of populations over generations
• Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium principle describes a steady condition with no genetic changes
• Alleles and genotype frequencies are related by a mathematical relationship in equilibrium
• Mutation, a change in DNA sequence, is a source of genetic variation in populations