RAD ANA- SKELETAL SYSTEM

• SKELETAL SYSTEM - is an important system for the technologists to study. The skeletal system includes the 206 separate bones of the body and their associated cartilages and joints.
• The study of bones is termed osteology
• Bones are classified as long, short or flat according to shape
• Long Bones - have a shaft (diaphysis) with two ends (epiphyses)
• the study of joints is called arthrology.
• Flat Bones - are thin and broad; examples include scapulae (shoulder blades) and ilium (hip bones)
• Bone Tumors: Tumors can appear as areas of increased or decreased bone density, depending on their nature. They may also cause bone erosion or destruction.
• Sesamoid Bones - develop within tendons and act as pulleys to increase mechanical advantage during movement.
• Irregular Bones - do not fit into any other category; examples include vertebrae (spinal column), ribs, and facial bones.
• Short Bones - are cube shaped; examples include carpals (wrist bones).
• Supine - lying on back, facing upward
• Prone - lying on abdomen, facing downward (head may be turned to one side)
• Flexion - bending at joints
• Extension - straightening out limbs from flexed position
• Abduction - moving away from midline
• Adduction - moving toward midline
• Rotation - turning around an axis or pivot point
• Erect - an upright position, to stand or sit erect.
• Recumbent - lying down in any position (prone, supine or on side
• Dorsal Recumbent: lying on back (supine)
• Ventral Recumbent: lying face down (prone)
• Trendelenburg - position a recumbent position with the body titled with the head lower than the feet.
• Fowler’s Position – semi-recumbent position where the upper body is elevated at approximately 45 degrees from horizontal plane while legs are extended straight out.
• Lithotomy Position – patient lies flat on their back with knees bent and feet together.
• Sim's position (semiprone position) - a recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back. A modified Sim's position as used for insertion of the rectal tube for barium enema.
• Prone position - lying face down
• Supination: turning of body and arm so that palm faces forwards, with the thumb away from the midline of the body.
• Pronation: Turning of the body or arm so that the palm faces backward, with the thumb toward midline of the body.
• Eversion: A turning outwards or lateral motion of an articulation, sometimes with external tension or stress applied
• Inversion: The opposite of eversion; a turning inward or medial motion of an articulation, sometimes with internal tension or stress applied
• Circumduction: Movement of a limb that produces circular motion circumscribes a small area at its proximal end and a wide area at the distal end.
• Anterior - means "in front of" or "the front surface of." It usually refers to the front side of the body. For example, your knee caps are on the anterior part of your body.Superior - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity)
• Posterior - behind; backside of the body. For example, the buttocks are located posteriorly.
• Lateral - away from the median plane; outside. For example, the shoulder blade is located laterally on the thorax.
• Medial - towards the middle line of the body; inside. For example, the elbow joint is located between the humerus and ulna bones, which makes it a medial structure.
• Proximal - nearer to the point of attachment; closer to the trunk. For example, the hip joint is more proximal than the knee joint.
• Distal - farther from the point of attachment; further from the trunk. For example, the wrist joint is more distal than the elbow joint.
• Cephalic - pertaining to the head. For example, the cephalic veins drain blood from the arm into the axillary vein.
• Caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
• Axial skeleton includes all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body (80 bones)• SKULL, HYOID, AUDITORY OSSICLES, VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORAX