Chemistry

• Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, while alkaline/basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.
• A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor basic).
• The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number change represents a tenfold increase or decrease.
• The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that a change of one unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold increase or decrease in hydrogen ion concentration.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where 0 represents the strongest acids and 14 represents the strongest bases.
• An example given was the difference between a pH of 5 and a pH of 6, which is only one unit but actually means a ten-times higher concentration of hydrogen ions at pH 5 compared to pH 6.
• Stronger acids produce more hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, resulting in lower pH values.
• A solution with a pH of 6 has ten times more H+ ions than a solution with a pH of 7, which has ten times more H+ ions than a solution with a pH of 8.
• Weak acids only partially ionize in water, producing fewer H+ ions compared to strong acids.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where 0 is very acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is very alkaline.
• Neutral substances have a pH value of 7.
• Strong acids completely dissociate into H+ ions when they are dissolved in water.
• Neutral substances are those whose reactions do not produce an acid or base.
• Stronger acids produce more H+ ions when dissolved in water, resulting in lower pH values.
• Strong acids completely dissociate into H+ ions when they are dissolved in water, resulting in a high concentration of H+ ions and a low pH value.
• Weak acids only partially dissociate into H+ ions when they are dissolved in water.
• what is a hydrocarbon?
• A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms but no other elements.
• What type of bonds do alkanes have?


  Alkanes have single bonds
• what is viscosity?

  Viscosity is the thickness of a substance
• what happens to the viscosity as the size of the hydrocarbon increases in length?

  The viscosity of the hydrocarbon as it increases in length also increases. i.e gets more viscous
• what is flammability?

  Flammability is how easily the hydrocarbon burns
• What happens to the flammability of the hydrocarbon as the length increases?


  The flammability of the hydrocarbon decreases as the length of the hydrocarbon increases.
• Is short- chain hydrocarbon more flammable?

  Yes, short-chain hydrocarbon is more flammable.
• what is a boiling point?

  The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.
• What happens to the boiling point as the length of the hydrocarbon increases?


  The boiling point of the hydrocarbon as the length of it increases also increases.
• Do long-chain hydrocarbons have a low boiling point?

  No, short-chain hydrocarbons have a low boiling point, not long-chain hydrocarbons.
• what is the general formula for alkanes?

  The general formula for alkanes is Cn H2n+2
• what is the process of fractional distillation used for?

  Fractional distillation is used to separate the hydrocarbons into different fractions.
• what is crude oil?

  Crude oil is a fossil fuel. It's formed from the remains of plants and animals like plankton over a long period.
• What is crude oil a mixture of?

  Crude oil is a mixture of lots of hydrocarbons most of which are alkanes.
• what is cracking?

  Cracking is splitting up long-chain hydrocarbon.
• What are the two types of cracking?

  The two types of cracking steam cracking and catalytic cracking.
• what is catalytic cracking?


  Catalytic cracking is when the heated long-chain hydrocarbon is passed over a hot powdered aluminum oxide catalyst. The long chain of hydrocarbon will split up on the surface of the specks of the catalyst.
• what is steam cracking?

  Steam cracking is when the vaporized long-chain hydrocarbon is mixed with steam and heat them with very high temperatures.
• What other type of hydrocarbon does cracking produce?

  Cracking produces alkenes.
• What does the chemical properties of elements depend on?

  Their atomic structure and the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus
• What are fundamental particles in the context of atomic structure?

  They are the basic building blocks of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What is the mass number of an atom?

  The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• How did the atomic model evolve from the billiard ball model?

  It changed to the plum pudding model with the discovery of the electron