human geo

• Historical, economic, and social factors that influence modern political maps at various scales:
• Wars, conquests, and other historical events have led to the creation or modification of political boundaries
• Breakup of the Soviet Union and the formation of new independent states in Eastern Europe after the Cold War led to changes in political maps at the global scale
• Economic considerations influence political maps, such as the creation of free trade zones or the development of natural resources leading to changes in political boundaries or the formation of new states
• Social movements and changes in public opinion can influence political maps, like movements for independence or demands for greater autonomy leading to changes in political boundaries
• Ways in which boundaries reflect ideas of territoriality and political power on various scales:
• Boundaries between nations reflect political power, territorial control, and relationships with other nations
• Boundaries within a nation, like state or provincial boundaries, reflect political power and territorial control, dividing the nation into smaller regions or territories
• Boundaries between cities, neighborhoods, or individual properties reflect ideas of territoriality and the desire to control a particular space
• Ways globalization has changed the way people live:
• Increased international trade and exchange of goods, services, and ideas
• Boundaries demarcate areas with different legal or regulatory frameworks, establishing jurisdiction and controlling access to certain areas
• Increased mobility, facilitating cross-cultural exchange and movement of people, ideas, and goods globally
• Changes in the nature of work, including outsourcing jobs and automation impacting employment patterns and income levels
• Changes in cultural norms and values, leading to the spread of cultural practices and adoption of new ones globally
• Models to Know from Unit 4:
• Organic Theory:

  • Social and political systems are analogous to living organisms
  • Made up of interdependent parts working together to sustain the overall system
• Mackinder’s Heartland Theory:

  • Control of the "heartland" region in Eurasia is key to world domination
  • Heartland is a natural fortress difficult to invade, providing significant advantage in global conflicts
• Domino Theory:

  • If one country falls to communism, it leads to a domino effect spreading communism to other countries in the region
  • Used to justify US involvement in conflicts to prevent the spread of communism
• Spykman’s Rimland Theory:

  • Control of the "rimland" region in Eurasia is key to world domination
  • Rimland is a region of strategic importance due to economic and political power
• Core-Periphery Model:

  • Core regions have high economic development, political power, and cultural influence
  • Periphery regions have lower development levels and are subject to exploitation and marginalization
• Secondary cities have lower population densities than primary cities but still play important roles in regional economies.
• Secondary cities have lower population densities than primary cities but still play important roles in regional economies.
• Secondary cities are smaller than primary cities but still play an important role in regional development.
• Patterns of population distribution include nucleated settlements, dispersed rural settlements, and megalopolises.
• Primary cities have the highest population density and serve as major economic centers with high levels of employment opportunities.
• Primary cities have the highest population density and serve as administrative centers.
• Population distributions are influenced by interactions between human activity and environmental factors such as climate, soil type, availability of resources, and transportation systems.
• The main types of urban areas are primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary.
• The main types of urban areas are primary cities, secondary cities, tertiary cities, and quaternary cities.
• Population distributions refers to the uneven spatial distribution of populations on the Earth's surface.
• Secondary cities often serve as administrative centers or transportation hubs within their respective regions.
• Tertiary cities have smaller populations compared to secondary or primary cities but serve as centers for specialized services such as education, healthcare, and government administration.
• Nucleated settlements are characterized by compact urban areas with dense populations.
• Tertiary cities have smaller populations compared to secondary or primary cities but serve as centers of trade, commerce, education, and culture within their respective regions.
• Quaternary cities focus on knowledge production and innovation through research institutions, universities, and technology companies.