chapter 1

• Characteristics of Life:

  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development (growth and differentiation)
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis:

  • Ability to maintain a relatively constant environment within the body
  • Internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
  • Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
• Levels of Organization for the Human Body:

  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Tissue Level
  • Organ Level
  • Organ system Level
  • Organism Level
• Negative Feedback:

  • Deviation from set point (ideal normal value) is restricted or made smaller
  • Components: Receptor/Sensor, Control center/Integrator, Effector
• Positive Feedback:

  • Initial stimulus further stimulates the response
  • Deviation from the set point becomes even greater
• Anatomical Position:

  • Body erect
  • Face directed forward
  • Palms facing forward
  • Upper limbs hanging to the sides
  • Toes pointing forward
  • Lower limbs are set side by side to each other
• Directional Terms:

  • Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep
• Regional Terms:

  • Axial (head, neck, and trunk)
  • Appendicular (appendages or limbs)
• Abdominopelvic Quadrants:

  • Right upper (RUQ)
  • Left upper (LUQ)
  • Right lower (RLQ)
  • Left lower (LLQ)
• Abdominopelvic Regions:

  • Umbilical
  • Epigastric
  • Hypogastric
  • Right and left iliac or inguinal
  • Right and left lumbar
  • Right and left hypochondriac
• Body Cavities:

  • Serve as a hydrostatic skeleton
  • Area for growth and development of internal organs
  • Storage area
  • Responsible for the passage of materials in and out of organs such as nutrients, gases, and wastes
• Serous Membranes:

  • Cover organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities
  • Parietal serous membrane lines internal body walls
  • Visceral serous membrane covers internal organs
  • Serous fluid separates the serous membranes
• Thoracic Cavity:

  • Houses the heart and lungs
  • Contains 3 serous-membrane lined cavities: Pericardial cavity, Pleural cavities (Right and Left)
• Pericardial Cavity:

  • Surrounds the heart
• Pleural Cavity:

  • Surrounds each of the lungs
• Abdominopelvic Cavity:

  • Contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity
  • Visceral peritoneum, Parietal peritoneum, Peritoneal fluid, Mesenteries
• Open Body Cavities:

  • Oral and digestive
  • Nasal
  • Orbital
  • Middle ear
  • Synovial
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)
• Health is a resource for everyday life, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities (WHO, 1984)
• Health is primarily a measure of each person's ability to do and become what he wants to become (René Dubos)
• Health is a relative state in which one can function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually to express one's unique potentialities within the environment (medical dictionary)
• A health model is a conceptual framework or ways of thinking about health
• Different health models include:

  • The Biomedical Model of Health
  • The Social Model of Health
  • The Mandala of Health
• The Biomedical Model of Health is a medical model of care focused on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness
• Advantages of the Biomedical Model of Health:

  • Advances in technology and research
  • Many common problems can be effectively treated
  • Extends life expectancy
  • Improves quality of life
• Disadvantages of the Biomedical Model of Health:

  • Costly
  • Narrow view of health
  • Not every condition is treated
  • Not always affordable
• The Social Model of Health addresses broader influences on health, focusing on social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors
• Advantages of the Social Model of Health:

  • Education for people
  • Government support/strategies
  • Less costly to prevent diseases
  • Lead healthier lifestyles/Improve quality of life
  • Involve government and non-government organizations
  • Increase economic development
• Disadvantages of the Social Model of Health:

  • Lack of education for the whole population
  • Population not motivated
  • Changing lifestyle is challenging
  • Not all diseases can be prevented
  • Results are evident after a long period
  • Effectiveness is difficult to measure
• The Mandala of Health is a bio-psycho-socio-environmental model of health
• Four important factors that influence health in the Mandala of Health:

  1. Human biology
  2. Personal behavior
  3. Psychosocial environment
  4. Physical environment
• The Health Continuum: A person with a balanced life has a high degree of wellness, an overall state of well-being or total health
• Six Components of Health:

  • Physical health
  • Emotional health
  • Social health
  • Mental health
  • Environmental health
  • Spiritual health
• Factors that Influence Health:

  • Hereditary influences
  • Social influences
  • Cultural influences
  • Environmental influences
  • Attitude
  • Behavior
  • Media
  • Technology
• Health Risk Factors:

  • All health problems have risk factors
  • Risk factor is anything that increases the likelihood of disease, injury, or other health problems
  • Divided into controllable risk factors and uncontrollable risk factors
  • Controllable risk factors include age, race, gender, and heredity
• Health Risk Behavior:

  • Sedentary lifestyle: Not taking part in physical activity regularly
  • Alcohol and other drug use
  • Sexual activity
  • Behaviors that cause injury
  • Tobacco use
  • Poor eating habits
• Health Promotion Theories:

  • Health promotion should be theory-based to understand why people make health-related choices
  • Theories provide a systematic way of understanding situations, examining relationships, and predicting outcomes
  • Theory provides a roadmap for designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs
• Lifestyle Factors:

  • Getting 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night
  • Starting each day with a healthy breakfast
  • Eating a variety of nutritious foods daily
  • Being physically active for at least 20 minutes a day, three or more days a week
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
  • Abstaining from sexual activity before marriage
  • Managing stress
  • Maintaining positive relationships
  • Practicing safe behaviors to prevent injuries
• Wellness and Prevention:

  • Prevention is key to wellness
  • Practicing health and safety habits to remain free of disease and injury
  • Examples include wearing safety belts, applying sunscreen, avoiding unsafe areas, and proper hand washing
• Health Triangle:

  • Physical health: How well your body functions, includes nutrition, hygiene, medical checkups, sleep, rest, and physical activity
  • Mental/Emotional Health: Feelings about yourself, coping with stress, and processing information
  • Social Health: Getting along with others, making and keeping friends, communication, and showing respect and care for yourself and others