chapter 1

Cards (44)

  • Characteristics of Life:
    • Organization
    • Metabolism
    • Responsiveness
    • Growth
    • Development (growth and differentiation)
    • Reproduction
  • Homeostasis:
    • Ability to maintain a relatively constant environment within the body
    • Internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
    • Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
  • Levels of Organization for the Human Body:
    • Chemical Level
    • Cellular Level
    • Tissue Level
    • Organ Level
    • Organ system Level
    • Organism Level
  • Negative Feedback:
    • Deviation from set point (ideal normal value) is restricted or made smaller
    • Components: Receptor/Sensor, Control center/Integrator, Effector
  • Positive Feedback:
    • Initial stimulus further stimulates the response
    • Deviation from the set point becomes even greater
  • Anatomical Position:
    • Body erect
    • Face directed forward
    • Palms facing forward
    • Upper limbs hanging to the sides
    • Toes pointing forward
    • Lower limbs are set side by side to each other
  • Directional Terms:
    • Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep
  • Regional Terms:
    • Axial (head, neck, and trunk)
    • Appendicular (appendages or limbs)
  • Abdominopelvic Quadrants:
    • Right upper (RUQ)
    • Left upper (LUQ)
    • Right lower (RLQ)
    • Left lower (LLQ)
  • Abdominopelvic Regions:
    • Umbilical
    • Epigastric
    • Hypogastric
    • Right and left iliac or inguinal
    • Right and left lumbar
    • Right and left hypochondriac
  • Body Cavities:
    • Serve as a hydrostatic skeleton
    • Area for growth and development of internal organs
    • Storage area
    • Responsible for the passage of materials in and out of organs such as nutrients, gases, and wastes
  • Serous Membranes:
    • Cover organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities
    • Parietal serous membrane lines internal body walls
    • Visceral serous membrane covers internal organs
    • Serous fluid separates the serous membranes
  • Thoracic Cavity:
    • Houses the heart and lungs
    • Contains 3 serous-membrane lined cavities: Pericardial cavity, Pleural cavities (Right and Left)
  • Pericardial Cavity:
    • Surrounds the heart
  • Pleural Cavity:
    • Surrounds each of the lungs
  • Abdominopelvic Cavity:
    • Contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity
    • Visceral peritoneum, Parietal peritoneum, Peritoneal fluid, Mesenteries
  • Open Body Cavities:
    • Oral and digestive
    • Nasal
    • Orbital
    • Middle ear
    • Synovial
  • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)
  • Health is a resource for everyday life, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities (WHO, 1984)
  • Health is primarily a measure of each person's ability to do and become what he wants to become (RenĂ© Dubos)
  • Health is a relative state in which one can function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually to express one's unique potentialities within the environment (medical dictionary)
  • A health model is a conceptual framework or ways of thinking about health
  • Different health models include:
    • The Biomedical Model of Health
    • The Social Model of Health
    • The Mandala of Health
  • The Biomedical Model of Health is a medical model of care focused on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness
  • Advantages of the Biomedical Model of Health:
    • Advances in technology and research
    • Many common problems can be effectively treated
    • Extends life expectancy
    • Improves quality of life
  • Disadvantages of the Biomedical Model of Health:
    • Costly
    • Narrow view of health
    • Not every condition is treated
    • Not always affordable
  • The Social Model of Health addresses broader influences on health, focusing on social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors
  • Advantages of the Social Model of Health:
    • Education for people
    • Government support/strategies
    • Less costly to prevent diseases
    • Lead healthier lifestyles/Improve quality of life
    • Involve government and non-government organizations
    • Increase economic development
  • Disadvantages of the Social Model of Health:
    • Lack of education for the whole population
    • Population not motivated
    • Changing lifestyle is challenging
    • Not all diseases can be prevented
    • Results are evident after a long period
    • Effectiveness is difficult to measure
  • The Mandala of Health is a bio-psycho-socio-environmental model of health
  • Four important factors that influence health in the Mandala of Health:
    1. Human biology
    2. Personal behavior
    3. Psychosocial environment
    4. Physical environment
  • The Health Continuum: A person with a balanced life has a high degree of wellness, an overall state of well-being or total health
  • Six Components of Health:
    • Physical health
    • Emotional health
    • Social health
    • Mental health
    • Environmental health
    • Spiritual health
  • Factors that Influence Health:
    • Hereditary influences
    • Social influences
    • Cultural influences
    • Environmental influences
    • Attitude
    • Behavior
    • Media
    • Technology
  • Health Risk Factors:
    • All health problems have risk factors
    • Risk factor is anything that increases the likelihood of disease, injury, or other health problems
    • Divided into controllable risk factors and uncontrollable risk factors
    • Controllable risk factors include age, race, gender, and heredity
  • Health Risk Behavior:
    • Sedentary lifestyle: Not taking part in physical activity regularly
    • Alcohol and other drug use
    • Sexual activity
    • Behaviors that cause injury
    • Tobacco use
    • Poor eating habits
  • Health Promotion Theories:
    • Health promotion should be theory-based to understand why people make health-related choices
    • Theories provide a systematic way of understanding situations, examining relationships, and predicting outcomes
    • Theory provides a roadmap for designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs
  • Lifestyle Factors:
    • Getting 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night
    • Starting each day with a healthy breakfast
    • Eating a variety of nutritious foods daily
    • Being physically active for at least 20 minutes a day, three or more days a week
    • Maintaining a healthy weight
    • Avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
    • Abstaining from sexual activity before marriage
    • Managing stress
    • Maintaining positive relationships
    • Practicing safe behaviors to prevent injuries
  • Wellness and Prevention:
    • Prevention is key to wellness
    • Practicing health and safety habits to remain free of disease and injury
    • Examples include wearing safety belts, applying sunscreen, avoiding unsafe areas, and proper hand washing
  • Health Triangle:
    • Physical health: How well your body functions, includes nutrition, hygiene, medical checkups, sleep, rest, and physical activity
    • Mental/Emotional Health: Feelings about yourself, coping with stress, and processing information
    • Social Health: Getting along with others, making and keeping friends, communication, and showing respect and care for yourself and others