Final

• Genetics: the branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation. It is the study of the origin, transmissions, and expressions of genetic information.
• Cell theory: All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life.
• Descent with modification: all existing species have arose from previously existing ancestral species
• Natural selection: the mechanism by which evolution occurs.
• Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance: Inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.
• Chromosome: Nucleic acid and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
• 1. Meiosis: Cell division process where chromosomes are copied and distributed. Sex cells are produced (gametes or spores). Resulting cells (gametes) receive only half the number of chromosomes (haploid).
• 1. Mitosis: Cell division process where chromosomes are copied and distributed. Not used to produce gametes. The two resulting daughter calls each receive a diploid set (same number of chromosomes as parent cells).
• 1. Codon: A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid. Certain codons signal the start or end of translation.
• 1. Recombinant DNA Technology: The ability to transfer genes across species.
• 1. Genomics: Studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.
• 1. Proteomics: Identifies a set of proteins present in cells under a given set of conditions.Studies their functions and interactions.
• 1. Bioinformatics: Uses hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data
• 1. Nucleotide: Building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acid. Nucleoside with phosphate group added.
• 1. Nucleoside: Contains nitrogenous base and pentose sugar. A molecule is composed of purine or pyrimidine base and ribose or deoxyribose sugar.
• 1. Purines: Nine-member ring of Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
• 1. Pyrimidines: Six-member ring of Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
• 1. DNA Replication: Begins at the origin of replication (ORI). The process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells.
• 1. Chromatin: A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosome.

  • Importance: Required to make chromosomes. Condenses DNA in the nucleus and controls how the DNA is used.
• Histones: Positively charged proteins associated with chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes.Proteins that are organizing the DNA within chromatin.

  • Five Main Types: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
  • Importance: Bind to DNA in the nucleus, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.
• Acetylation: Enzyme histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Addition of acetyl group to a histone. Positive correlation with gene activity.

  • Importance: Creates proteins that replicate DNA and repair damaged genetic material. Helps in DNA Transcription
• 1. Proteomics: Identifies a set of proteins present in cells under a given set of conditions.Studies their functions and interactions.
• 1. Bioinformatics: Uses hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data
• 1. Nucleotide: Building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acid. Nucleoside with phosphate group added.
• 1. Nucleoside: Contains nitrogenous base and pentose sugar. A molecule is composed of purine or pyrimidine base and ribose or deoxyribose sugar.
• 1. Purines: Nine-member ring of Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
• 1. Pyrimidines: Six-member ring of Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
• 1. DNA Replication: Begins at the origin of replication (ORI). The process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells.
• 1. Chromatin: A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosome.

  • Importance: Required to make chromosomes. Condenses DNA in the nucleus and controls how the DNA is used.
• Histones: Positively charged proteins associated with chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes.Proteins that are organizing the DNA within chromatin.

  • Five Main Types: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
  • Importance: Bind to DNA in the nucleus, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.
• Acetylation: Enzyme histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Addition of acetyl group to a histone. Positive correlation with gene activity.

  • Importance: Creates proteins that replicate DNA and repair damaged genetic material. Helps in DNA transcription.
• Phosphorylation: Enzyme kinase. Addition of phosphates groups to a histone.Correlated to chromatin condensation.

  • Importance: Plays critical roles in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell cycle, growth, apoptosis, and signal transduction pathways.Mechanism of regulating protein function and transmitting signals throughout the cell.
• Methylation: Enzyme methyltransferase. Addition of a methyl groups to a histone.Positive and negative correlation with gene activity.

  • Importance: Plays a critical role in two major global regulatory mechanisms, pigenetic modification and imprinting, via methyl tagging on histones and DNA.
• 1. Plasma Membrane: Surrounds all cells and separates cells from external environment.
• 1. Glycocalyx: Biochemical identity at cell surface (function). Constitutes a physical barrier for any object trying to enter the cell.
• 1. Cell Wall: Biochemical identity at cell surface (function). Covers the outermost layer of the cell.
• 1. Receptors: Found on the surface of cells and could cause a cell to turn on a gene.Recognition sites that transfer specific chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell.
• 1. Cytosol: Colloidal material surrounding organelles (lives in cytoplasm).
• 1. Cytoskeleton: Made of extensive system of tubules and filaments (lives in cytoplasm).
• 1. Microtubules: Made up of the protein tubulin (lives in cytoplasm).