Manufacturing Industries

• Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture
• Manufacturing reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors
• Manufacturing helps eradicate unemployment and poverty
• Manufacturing reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade, commerce, and brings foreign exchange
• Countries with large numbers of manufacturing industries are prosperous
• Agro-industries in India boost agriculture by raising productivity and efficiency
• Agro-industries add value to agricultural produce, intermediates, and residues
• Industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, etc to farmers
• Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries assist agriculturalists and farmers in increasing production and efficiency
• Factors responsible for the location of industries:

  • Physical factors:
  • Availability of raw materials, power resources, water, and favorable climate
  • Human factors:
  • Availability of skilled and unskilled laborers, proximity to market, infrastructural facilities, and government policy
• Classification of Industries:

  • Based on the source of raw materials:
  • Agro-based industries (e.g. Cotton, woolen, jute, silk)
  • Mineral-based industries (e.g. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium)
  • Based on the main role:
  • Basic or key industries (e.g. iron and steel industry, copper smelting)
  • Consumer industries (e.g. sugar, paper)
  • Based on capital investment:
  • Small scale industry (investment ≤ ₹ 1 Crore)
  • Large scale industry (investment > ₹ 1 Crore)
  • Based on ownership:
  • Public sector industries (e.g. BHEL, SAIL)
• • Private sector industries (e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.)
  • Joint sector industries (e.g. Oil India Limited)
  • Cooperative sector industries (e.g. Sugar industry, coir industry)
  • Based on bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
  • Heavy industries (e.g. iron and steel)
  • Light industries (e.g. electrical goods industries)
• Cotton Textile Industry:

  • Concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to availability of raw cotton, market, transport, labor, and moist climate
• Jute Textiles:

  • Located in the Hugli basin due to proximity of jute-producing areas, inexpensive water transport, good network of railways, roadways, waterways, abundant water, cheap labor, and support from Kolkata
• Sugar Industries:

  • Shifting to southern and western states like Maharashtra due to higher sucrose content in cane, longer crushing season, and successful cooperatives
• Iron and Steel Industry:

  • Chhotanagpur plateau region has maximum concentration due to low cost of iron ore, high-grade raw materials, cheap labor, and vast growth potential
• Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:

  • Industries cause air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, radioactive waste, and noise pollution
• Control of Environmental Degradation:

  • Ways to prevent degradation include water reuse, rainwater harvesting, effluent treatment, regulation of groundwater overdraw, reduction of particulate matter and smoke emissions, and fitting machinery with silencers
• Pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources:
• Optimum utilization of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment
• Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pound management, ash water recycling system, and liquid waste management
• Ecological monitoring, reviews, and online database management for all its power stations