Hegemonic Masculinity

• James Messerschmitt suggested that the over-representation of males in crime statistics is due to socialization into behaviors that deviate from societal norms, leading to criminality
• Gender is a social construction, not defined by biological traits
• Hegemonic masculinity leads males to conflict with others with similar characteristics, potentially leading to criminal behaviors
• Males are socialized into being providers for the family and protecting loved ones, which can lead to criminal behavior if opportunities for providing are blocked
• Males are socialized into being dominant, with physical strength valued over intellect, leading to conflict with those who challenge their dominance
• The dominant form of masculinity promotes a heterosexual image and often borders on misogynistic behavior
• Males are socialized into a tough, dominant image through media portrayals, reinforcing risk-taking behavior and physical dominance
• Socialization into hegemonic masculinity leads males to indulge in risk-taking behavior and react with physical force to challenges to their dominant position
• Young males from working-class backgrounds may turn to physicality and risk-taking behaviors to demonstrate masculinity, leading to non-utilitarian crimes and gang cultures
• Hegemonic masculinity can lead to conflict and deviant behaviors, such as domestic violence when challenged by women
• Males may form anti-school subcultures when feeling subordinate to teachers, and reject intellectual pathways for physicality
• The concept of hegemonic masculinity explains conflicts with feminism and toxic masculinity, potentially leading to social issues like mental health problems and limited opportunities