Practical research

• Inquiry - a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, place, and events by investigating or asking questions
• RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC PROCESS OF SOLVING A PROBLEM OR FINDING ANSWERS TO AN INQUIRY. It is an organized method of finding relatively new ideas from the existing body of knowledge with the help of useful tools to improve the quality of life.
• Importance of research

  1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline.

  2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field.

  3. Research helps develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of any practices and operations.
• Importance of research

  4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning at most all issues encountered in the different areas of work.

  5. Research impacts decision-making.

  6. Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline.

  7. Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.
• Empirical - Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
• Logical - ideas are presented rationally without jumping to unfounded conclusions. Logic involves giving valid reasons before reaching a conclusion
• Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
• 1. Analytical - There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
• Replicability is obtaining consistent results across studies aimed at answering the same scientific question, each of which has obtained its data. Two studies may be considered to have replicated if they obtain consistent results given the level of uncertainty inherent in the system under study.
• critical -research exhibits careful and precise judgement
• Methodical - Research is conducted methodically without bias using systematic methods and procedures.
• Research Process

  1. Identifying the problem.

  2. Reviewing the literature.

  3. Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.

  4. Choosing the study design

  5. Deciding on the sample design.

  6. Collecting data.

  7. Processing and analyzing data.

  8. Writing the report
• ETHICS OF RESEARCH

  
  

  1. HONESTY

  2. OBJECTIVITY

  3. INTEGRITY

  4. CAREFULNESS

  5. OPENNESS

  6. RESPECT FOR

  INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

  7. CONFIDENTIALITY

  8. RESPONSIBLE

  PUBLICATION
• ETHICS OF RESEARCH

  9. RESPONSIBLE MENTORING

  10. Social Responsibility

  11. Non-Discrimination

  12. Competence

  13. Legality

  14. Animal Care

  15. Human Subjects

  Protection
• QUALITATIVE

  Concerned with non statistical methods of inquiry and analysis of social phenomena.
• QUANTITATIVE

  Explaining phenomenon by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods such as statistics.
• 1. Descriptive Research – describes the phenomenon being studied. It addresses the "what" question. It typically describes what appears to be happening and what the important variables seem to be.
• 2. Correlational Research determines variables. the relations among two or more variables
• 3. Experimental Method the - researcher manipulates one or more independent or grouping variables and then observes the impact of that manipulation on one or more dependent or outcome variables.
• 4. Historical Research - is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occurred in the past.
• 5. Market Research - any organized effort to gather information about target markets or customers.
• 6. Feasibility Study - is an analysis of the ability to complete a project successfully, taking into account legal, economic, technical, scheduling, marketing, among others.
• Research in areas of interest

  1. descriptive research
  2. correlational research
  3. experimental method
  4. Historical research
  5. Market research
  6. Feasibility study
• RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS

  EMPIRICAL

  LOGICAL

  CYCLICAL

  ANALYTICAL

  CRITICAL

  METHODICAL

  REPLICABILITY
• TECHNICAL DEFINITION

  "It describes and explains the meaning of a word or phrase based on the general references and other field of study sources."
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

  "It states and explains the meaning of a word or phrase based on specific context. In terms of research, operational definition explains or describes how the term is applied and measured in the study."
• DEFINITION OF TERMS - the alphabetical list of the important terms, acronyms and jargons used in the research study
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION - the definition of variables in terms of the actual procedures used by the researcher to measure and/or manipulate it
• PLAGIARISM

  -presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by ncorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement
• Citation is...

  a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source.

  It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again.
• Literature reviews

  • are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.
• Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection
• Secondary Sources are one step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer of interpretation and analysis
• Secondary sources can include:

  Most books about a topic. Analysis or interpretation of data. Scholarly or other articles about a topic, especially by people not directly involved. Documentaries (though they often include photos or video portions that can be considered primary sources).
• Credible/Non-credible sources

  • Unreliable sources don’t always contain true, accurate, and up-to-date information.
  • Using these sources in academic writing can result in discrediting writers’ status.
  • That’s why it is extremely important to use credible and reliable sources only.
  • This guide will help you in evaluating whether a source is relevant or not.
• What sources can be considered as credible?

  materials published within last 10 years;

  research articles written by respected and well-known authors; websites registered by government and educational institutions (.gov, .edu, .ac);

  academic databases (i.e. Academic Search Premier or JSTOR); materials from Google Scholar.
• APA

  • American Psychological Association for Citation
• Primary sources can include:

  Texts of laws and other original documents.

  Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did.

  Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or wrote.

  Original research.

  Datasets, survey data, such as census or economic statistics. Photographs, video, or audio that capture an event.
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

  Overview of your research.

  Present the main perceived gap.

  Deductive approach

  Last paragraph: Researchers' expression of eagerness to conduct the study.

  Maximum of 2 pages
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

  General Problem: Title

  Specific: Approved research questions