Shirl

• Risk Factors:

  • Genetic consideration
  • Medical and obstetrical history
  • Nutrition
  • Teratogens: Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs, Caffeine
  • Environmental considerations
  • Age extremes
  • Lack of Prenatal care
  • Multiple gestation
• Complications of Pregnancy:

  • Hyperemesis Gravidarum
  • Multifetal Pregnancy
  • Hydatidiform Mole (Molar Pregnancy)
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Spontaneous Abortion / Miscarriage
  • Incompetent Cervix
  • Bleeding Disorders: Placenta Previa, Abruptio Placenta
  • Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH)
  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
  • Cardiovascular System complications
• Hyperemesis Gravidarum: excessive vomiting during pregnancy
• Monozygotic twins: one fertilized ovum
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): hormone produced during pregnancy
• Fraternal twins (Dizygotic): two separate fertilized ova
• Hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy): gestational trophoblastic disease with no fetus, only placenta
• Salpingectomy: surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
• Ectopic Pregnancy: implantation of fertilized egg outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube leading to rupture
• Salpingostomy: surgical procedure involving the entire fallopian tube
• Spontaneous abortion: termination of pregnancy
• Dilation and Curettage (D&C): surgical procedure to remove tissue from the uterus
• Dilation and Evacuation (D&E): surgical procedure to remove tissue from the uterus
• Incompetent Cervix: passive and painless dilation, often requiring Prophylactic Cerclage (suture) treatment
• Placenta Previa: placenta implants over the lower uterine segment
• Low-lying placenta: partially covering the cervix
• Total/Complete Placenta Previa: completely blocking the cervix
• Partial Placenta Previa: partially covering the cervix
• Abruptio Placenta: separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
• Grades of Abruptio Placenta:

  • Grade I: small separation
  • Grade II: mild separation
  • Grade III: severe separation
• Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH): high blood pressure during pregnancy often accompanied by proteinuria (excess protein in urine)
• Pre-eclampsia: high blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy
• Positioning: lying on the left side to increase blood flow
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: inability to produce sufficient insulin during pregnancy
• Polyuria: excessive excretion of urine
• Polyphagia: excessive eating
• Polydipsia: excessive thirst
• Rheumatic Heart Disease: heart valve damage in individuals under 25
• Congenital Heart Defects: heart abnormalities present at birth
• Mitral Valve Prolapse: blood leaking backwards through the mitral valve
• Beta Blockers: medication used to lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of epinephrine
• Thiazide Diuretics: medication to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and swelling due to fluid retention
• Ace Inhibitors: medication to treat high blood pressure and certain chronic diseases
• Iron Deficiency Anemia: condition where the blood lacks adequate red blood cells
• Folic Acid: supplement for individuals lacking folate, recommended for newly married couples
• Sickle Cell Anemia: inherited blood disorder
• TORCH Infections: infections that can be passed to the baby during pregnancy
• Toxoplasmosis: infection from a parasite often found in undercooked meat
• Hepatitis A: inflammation of the liver from contaminated food or water
• Hepatitis B: transmitted through infected body fluids entering another person's body