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HIGHER BIOLOGY
UNIT 2
2.6 + 2.7 - environmental and genetic control of metabolism
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Eilidh Robertson
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Cards (26)
Why are micro-organisms used for metabolism?
adaptability
ease of cultivation
speed of growth
What are the 4 culture conditions?
sterility
temperature
oxygen concentration
pH
How is sterility controlled in an industrial fermenter ?
use of a
filter
How is temperature controlled in an industrial fermenter?
probes
and
monitored
by
thermostat
and
water jacket
How is oxygen concentration controlled in an industrial fermenter?
aeration paddles
How is pH controlled in an industrial fermenter?
the
addition
of
buffers
What is the lag phase of microbe growth?
enzymes
are being
induced
to metabolise
substrates
What is the log phase in microbe growth ?
the most
rapid
growth due to
plentiful nutrients
What is the stationary phase of microbe growth?
production of
toxic
metabolites,
death
rate is equal to
growth
rate
What is the death phase of microbe growth?
the
toxic accumulation
of
metabolites
What is a viable cell count?
counts only the
living micro-organisms
What is a total cell count?
counts both
viable
and
dead
cells
How is a viable cell count obtained?
using a
vital
stain
which picks up only
dead
cells
Define mutagenesis?
exposure
to
substances
that
increase
the chance of
random
change to
DNA bases
give an example of a mutagenic agent?
UV light
, or in general,
radiation
What is a vector?
a
DNA molecule
used to carry
foreign genetic information
into another cell
Give 2 examples of vectors?
plasmids
artificial chromosomes
What 2 enzymes are involved in recombinant DNA technology?
restriction endonuclease
ligase
What is the function of restriction endonuclease?
cuts
open
plasmids
and specific
genes
out of
chromosomes
What is the function of ligase?
seals
genes into
plasmid
What is the function of restriction sites?
contain target
sequences
of
DNA
where specific
restriction endonucleases
cut
What is the function of regulatory sequences?
control gene expression
Function of origin of replication?
allows
self-replication
of the
plasmid
/
artificial
chromosome
Function of selectable markers?
ensure that only
micro-organisms
that have taken up the vector
grow
in the
presence
of the
selective agent
When are complimentary sticky ends produced?
when the same
restriction endonuclease
is used to cut open the
plasmid
and the
gene
from the
chromosome
labels
A)
lag phase
B)
log phase
C)
stationary phase
D)
death phase
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