Chapter Six

• Digestive, alimentary, gastrointestinal, and GI system


  The body system that is a long, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus. It is responsible for the intake and digestion of food and water, the absorption of nutrients, and the elimination of solid waste products.
• Aliment/o


  The combining form for nourishment
• Major organs of the digestive system

  Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
• Accessory organs of the digestive system

  Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
• Oral cavity


  Contains the lips, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium.
• Or/o and stomat/o


  Combining forms for mouth
• Gnath/o


  Combining form for jaw
• Prognathia or sow mouth


  An elongated mandible or a mandible that is overshot.
• Brachygnathia or parrot mouth


  A shortened mandible or a mandible that is undershot
• Labia


  Medical term for lips
• Labium


  A single lip
• Cheil/o or labi/o


  Combining forms for lips
• Maxilla and mandible


  Boundaries of the oral cavity
• Lips


  Opening to the oral cavity
• Cheeks


  Walls of the oral cavity
• Bucc/o


  Combining form for cheek
• Buccal


  Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek
• Palate


  Forms the roof of the mouth
• Hard palate


  Forms the bony rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane.
• Rugae


  Irregular folds in the specialized mucous membranes of the hard palate and stomach.
• Rug/o


  Combining form for wrinkle or fold
• Soft palate


  The flexible caudal portion of the palate. It is involved in closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move into the nostrils.
• Palat/o


  Combining form for palate
• Tongue


  The moveable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming, and articulating sound. It moves food during chewing and swallowing.
• Papillae


  Elevations on the dorsum of the tongue.
• Filiform


  Papillae that appear threadlike.
• Fungiform


  Papillae that appear mushroom like. Taste buds are located here.
• Vallate


  Papillae that are cup shaped. Taste buds are located here.
• Frenulum


  A band of connective tissue that connects the tongue to the ventral surface of the oral cavity.
• Gloss/o and lingu/o


  Combining forms for tongue
• Lingual surface


  Side of the cheek adjacent to the tongue
• Dent/o, dent/i, and odont/o


  Combining forms for teeth
• Dentition


  Refers to teeth as a whole, that is, teeth arranged in the maxillary and mandibular arcades.
• Deciduous or primary dentition


  The temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity.
• Decidu/o


  Combining form for shedding
• Permanent dentition


  The set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal.
• Retained deciduous tooth


  A deciduous tooth that has not been shed and may need to be extracted professionally.
• Incisor


  Front tooth used for cutting. Abbreviated I
• Canine, fang or cuspid


  Long, pointed bone like tooth located between the incisors and the premolars. Abbreviated C
• Cusp


  Having a tapering projection