IGOs and Treaties

• What is the role of the IMF?

  Provide short-term loans to countries
• How many member countries are in the IMF?

  190 member countries
• What is the total lending commitment of the IMF?

  $254 billion+
• Which countries are the largest recent borrowers from the IMF?

  Argentina, Egypt, and Ukraine
• What are common conditionalities imposed by the IMF?

  Austerity and structural reforms
• What significant loan did the IMF agree to for Argentina in 2018?

  $57 billion loan
• What was the aim of the IMF's loan to Argentina in 2018?

  Stabilise economy amid inflation and collapse
• What do critics argue about the IMF's austerity measures in Argentina?

  Austerity worsened poverty rates
• What is one of the roles of the World Bank?

  Provide long-term development loans
• How many member countries are in the World Bank?

  189 member countries
• How much does the World Bank spend annually on development projects?

  $100+ billion annually
• Which countries are the largest recipients of World Bank funding?

  India, Bangladesh, and Nigeria
• What types of projects does the World Bank finance?

  Infrastructure, health, education, agriculture
• What was the impact of the India Rural Roads Project?

  Improved connectivity for over 7 million people
• What was one outcome of the India Rural Roads Project regarding education?

  12% increase in girls' school attendance
• What criticism has the World Bank faced regarding its projects?

  Financing projects displacing local communities
• How does the World Bank's infrastructure investment affect growth?

  Supports long-term economic growth
• What is a challenge faced by the World Bank in poverty reduction?

  Mixed success due to top-down planning
• What is the role of the WHO?

  Global public health leadership
• How many member states are in the WHO?

  194 member states
• What is the annual budget of the WHO for 2023?

  Approx $4.5 billion
• What global health campaigns does the WHO lead?

  Vaccines, malaria, pandemic response
• What role did the WHO play during the COVID-19 pandemic?

  Coordinated global data and PPE distribution
• What was the aim of the COVAX program?

  Deliver 2 billion vaccine doses to low-income countries
• How many vaccine doses did COVAX deliver by early 2023?

  ~1.6 billion doses
• What challenges did COVAX face?

  Vaccine hoarding and funding shortages
• What is a criticism of the WHO's response during COVID-19?

  Accused of being slow to act initially
• What are the aims and actions of the Montreal Protocol?

  • Aim: Phase out ozone-depleting substances
  • Actions:
  • Signed in 1987, enforced in 1989
  • Legally binding obligations for countries
  • Regular amendments (e.g., Kigali Amendment)
  • Financial and technical support provided
• What is the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol?

  Over 99% of ODS phased out globally
• What is the expected recovery timeline for the ozone layer?

  Expected to return to 1980 levels by 2066
• What are the aims and actions of the Climate Change Agreement?

  • Aim: Limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius
  • Actions:
  • Countries submit NDCs every 5 years
  • Focus on mitigation, adaptation, climate finance
  • Mobilise $100 billion annually from developed countries
• What is the effectiveness of the Climate Change Agreement?

  Current pledges project 2.5-2.9°C increase
• What are key challenges of the Climate Change Agreement?

  Lack of binding enforcement mechanisms
• What are the aims and actions of CITES?

  • Aim: Ensure international trade does not threaten species
  • Actions:
  • Regulates trade through permits and certificates
  • Lists species in 3 appendices
  • Conducts regular Conferences of the Parties (CoP)
• What is the effectiveness of CITES?

  Over 38,000 species protected
• What are some success stories of CITES?

  Recovery of Hawaiian nēnē and Arabian oryx
• What challenges does CITES face in enforcement?

  Varies by country and illegal trafficking persists
• What is the aim of the UNECE Water Convention?

  Improve transboundary water cooperation
• When was the UNECE Water Convention adopted?

  Adopted in 1992
• What are the actions established by the UNECE Water Convention?

  Legally binding rules for cooperation