Hematology

• Body's fluid compartments include:

  • ICF
  • ECF: Blood plasma, lymphatic fluid, CSF, Peritoneal fluid, intraocular fluid, intrapleural fluid, synovial fluid, renal filtrate, gastric juices, bile, urine, saliva, menstrual fluid, seminal fluid, breast milk, lacrimal fluid.
• How much of the body is water? How much fluid is in the body, how much blood?

  70%, 40 Liters of fluid, 3-4 L are blood.
• Components of Blood

  55% plasma, the remainder are formed elements, ECF (H2O, electrolytes, buffers and glucose), large protein molecules and blood-borne hormones.
• What are the three types of blood cells?

  RBCs= Red blood cells

  WBCs= White blood cells

  Platelets=thrombocytes (clot things)
• What is the function of blood?

  • Carries oxygen to the tissues
  • Gets rid of CO2 byproduct
  • Carries hormone messages to tissues
  • Transport heat to the environment
  • Focal point of homeostatic control
  • Regulates pH
• Label the centrifuged blood diagram

  A) Blood plasma

  B) Buffy coat (WBC, platelets)

  C) Formed elements (RBCs)

  
• Red Blood Cell Count Information

  • Normal is around 5 million per micro Liter
  • Range is 4,500,000-6,000,000 million
• What happens at high altitudes and cardio-respiratory status to your blood?

  • More RBCs are produced
  • The air is thinner so more is made!
• Erythrocytes Information

  • Stuffed with hemoglobin to carry
  • Produced in the bone marrow
  • Biconcave
  • Lack a nucleus and mitochondria
  • Have a short life span (100-120 days)
• -osis

  too much
• -penia


  too little
• Erythrocytopenia

  • Depressed Red Blood Cell and hemoglobin count
  • One of the causes of anemia
• Erythrocytosis

  • Elevated Red Blood Cell count
• Pathophysiology

  The study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes or consequences of diseases.
• What can you get from plasma?

  Blood glucose level
• What information can you obtain about your RBCs?

  • Total RBC count
  • Hemoglobin
• How do you measure the amount of RBCs in your body?

  Hematocrit
• What's the normal blood glucose range?

  70-100 mg/dL
• Hyperglycemia

  • High blood glucose levels
  • Diabetes mellitus causes this
• Hypoglycemia

  • Low blood glucose level
  • Fasting can cause this
• What is blood also called?

  A "connective" tissue
• How much water is in the human body?

  19 L
• What comes into the blood?

  Nutrients from the digestive and respiratory systems

  Waste from the tissues which is then filtered out through the urinary and respiratory system
• How do you collect plasma?

  Use a tube coated with an anticoagulant to prevent the blood from clotting, which is centrifuged to remove the cells.
• How do you collect serum?

  Use an tube without anticoagulant so the blood can clot before it's centrifuged.
• What happens if blood of 2 different types mix?

  RBCs clump together, forming many clots throughout the body's capillaries.
• Hemoglobin Information

  • Has 4 iron-containing heme groups which each heme binds 1 O2
  • Each RBC contains many molecules of Hb
• Oxyhemoglobin

  Bright red when bound to O2
• Deoxyhemoglobin

  Dark reddish-brown when not saturated with O2
• What's the normal range of hemoglobin in males?

  14-18 g/dL
• What's the normal range of hemoglobin in women?

  12-16 g/dL
• What happens if hemoglobin has carbon monoxide?

  They can't function or carry O2
• What is hematocrit?

  The packed cell volume which gives the proportion of cells to fluid.
• How is the data presented for hematocrit?


  As a whole number %
• What's the normal human range of hematocrit in males?

  40-54%
• What's the normal human range of hematocrit in females?

  37-47%
• What's anemia?

  A lower than normal hematocrit volume
• How is hematocrit calculated?

  RBCs (mm)/Total (mm) x 100%
• What are the 4 main classes of blood proteins?

  • serum albumin
  • antibodies
  • complement
  • fibrinogen
• What is albumin?

  Protein made in the liver and transported to the bloodstream where it gives blood a minimal protein concentration.

  Keeps the blood volume at a normal level and prevents swelling.