Enzymes
Cards (67)
- Lactic dehydrogenase: E.C. 1.1.1.27
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: E.C. 1.1.1.49
- Gamma-glutamyl transferase: E.C. 2.3.2.2
- Aspartate aminotransferase: E.C. 2.6.1.1
- Alanine aminotransferase: E.C. 2.6.1.2
- Creatinine kinase: E.C. 2.7.3.2
- Lipase: E.C. 3.1.1.3
- True/acetylcholinesterase: E.C. 3.1.1.7
- Pseudocholinesterase: E.C. 3.1.1.8
- Alkaline phosphatase: E.C. 3.1.3.1
- Acid Phosphatase: E.C. 3.1.3.2
- 5’ nucleotidase: E.C. 3.1.3.5
- Amylase: E.C. 3.2.1.1
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme: E.C. 3.4.15.1
- Aldolase: E.C. 4.1.2.13
- Acetyl-CoA synthetase: E.C. 6.4.1.1
- Oxidoreductases catalyze the removal or addition of electrons (redox reaction)
- Examples:
- Cytochrome oxidase
- Lactate dehydrogenase
- Malate dehydrogenase
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Transferases catalyze the transfer of chemical groups other than hydrogen from one substance to another
- Examples:
- Creatinine kinase
- Aspartate aminotransferase
- Alanine aminotransferase
- Ornithine carbamoyltransferase
- Hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis or splitting of bonds by the addition of water (hydrolytic reactions)
- Examples:
- Esterases: Acid phosphatase, Alkaline phosphatase, Cholinesterase, Lipase
- Peptidases: Trypsin, Pepsin, Leucine aminopeptidase
- Lyases catalyze removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis and the product contains double bonds
- Examples:
- Glutamate decarboxylase
- Pyruvate decarboxylase
- Tryptophan decarboxylase
- Aldolase
- Isomerases catalyze the intermolecular arrangement of the substrate compound
- Examples:
- Glucose phosphate isomerase
- Ribose phosphate isomerase
- Ligases catalyze the joining of two substrate molecules coupled with breaking of the pyrophosphate bonding ATP or similar compound
- Example:
- Acetyl CoA synthetase
- Enzyme inhibitors can be competitive or non-competitive.
- Immunology is the study of a host's reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
- A foreign substance that induces an immune response is called an immunogen
- Immunology has its roots in the study of immunity, the condition of being resistant to infection
- In the 1500s, the Chinese developed an immunological experimentation known as "variolation," which involved deliberately exposing individuals to material from smallpox lesions
- In the 1700s, an English Doctor discovered the relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox, leading to the development of vaccination
- Cross-Immunity is the phenomenon where exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent
- In 1880-1881, a scientist discovered the first attenuated vaccine while working with bacteria that caused chicken cholera
- Natural immunity refers to the ability of an individual to resist infections through normally present body functions
- Acquired immunity is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent
- The external defense system includes structural barriers like linings of the respiratory tract, skin, mucosal membrane surfaces, and secretions such as sweat, sebaceous glands, stomach acidity, tears, and saliva
- The internal defense system is designed to recognize molecules unique to infectious organisms and includes functions like phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and natural antimicrobial substances