t1: localisation of brain function

• What is a reflex?

  A fast, automatic, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus for safety and survival
• What does the hindbrain do?

  Link the spinal cord to the rest of the brain and helps to control vital functions and it is important to movement and balance
• What does the midbrain do?

  Coordinates movement, sleep and arousal
• What does the forebrain do?

  Receives and processes sensory information, higher order thinking, planning, memory, language and emotions
• Where is the primary visual cortex located?

  The occipital lobe
• Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

  The temporal lobe
• Where is the primary motor cortex located?

  The frontal lobe
• Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

  The parietal lobe
• What is Broca's area involved in?

  Speech production
• What is Wernicke's area involved in?

  Speech comprehension
• What is Geschwind's territory involved in?

  Abstract thinking
• Where is Broca's area located?

  The left frontal lobe
• What is Broca's area characterised by?

  Non-fluent speech, articulation difficulties and agrammatism
• Where is Wernicke's area located?

  The left temporal lobe
• What is Wernicke's aphasia characterised by?

  Fluent unbroken speech that is nonsensical, an inability to understand speech and a difficulty producing written speech that makes sense
• What structures is voluntary movement controlled by?

  The basal ganglia, cerebellum and primary motor cortex
• What are the structures of the limbic system?

  The hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex
• What is the hippocampus involved in (in terms of emotion)?

  The regulation and expression of emotion and memory, and it aids in recalling relevant emotions based on emotional stimuli
• What is the hypothalamus involved in (in terms of emotion)?

  Part of the HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal gland response), controls our reaction in stressful situations and is involved in physiological responses to fear-inducing emotional stimuli
• What is the amygdala involved in (in terms of emotion)?

  The activation of some emotions (particularly fear), the formation of memory
• What is the prefrontal cortex involved in (in terms of memory)?

  Processing, production, regulation and modifying of emotions
• Where is the amygdala located?

  The temporal lobes
• What do excitatory neurotransmitters do?

  Increase action potentials
• What to inhibitory neurotransmitters do?

  Decrease action potentials
• What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter?

  Glutamate
• What is glutamate involved in?

  Memory formation
• What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter?

  Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
• What does GABA do?

  Reduce anxiety - it has a calming affect
• What are the five major neurotransmitters?

  Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
• Where is acetylcholine located?

  The CNS and PNS
• What are the physical functions of acetylcholine?

  REM sleep, PNS (regulation of heart rate, digestion, saliva production, bladder function, muscle contraction)
• What are the psychological functions of acetylcholine?

  Learning and memory
• Where is epinephrine located?

  Everywhere
• What are the physical functions of epinephrine?

  Arousal, flight, fight, freeze, increases heart rate, blood pressure and respiration
• What are the psychological functions of epinephrine?

  Emotion and fear/anxiety
• Where is norepinephrine located?

  The brain
• What are the physical functions of norepinephrine?

  Attention, alertness and arousal, the sleep-wake cycle, mobilises the brain/body to act, increases heart rate and blood flow, triggers glucose release
• What are the psychological functions of norepinephrine?

  Regulates mood and concentration
• Where is dopamine located?

  The brain
• What are the physical functions of dopamine?

  Complex movement and motor control