Photosynthesis

• The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.
• Philosophy is derived from Greek words: Philo meaning "love" or "to love" and Sophia meaning "wisdom"
• Philosophy is a science that studies the first cause or highest principle of all things using the natural light of reason
• The natural light of reason refers to human reason or unaided reason
• The study of all things in philosophy is multidimensional or holistic, not limited to a particular object of inquiry
• Principles in philosophy include:

  • Principle of Identity: whatever is, is; whatever is not is not
  • Principle of Non-contradiction: a thing cannot be and not be at the same time
  • Principle of Excluded Middle: a thing is either is or is not, no middle ground
  • Principle of Sufficient Reason: nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence
• Emptying in philosophy denotes simplicity and humility
• Branches of Philosophy:

  • Metaphysics: concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being, dealing with abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space
  • Ethics: study of moral judgments, exploring moral virtue and evaluating human actions
  • Epistemology: deals with the nature, sources, limitation, and validity of knowledge, explaining how we acquire reliable knowledge through induction and deduction
  • Aesthetics: science of the beautiful in its various manifestations
• Water in philosophy:

  • Thales believed everything is water, with everything else being appearance
  • Clouds and ice cubes can be explained in terms of water
• Ethics in philosophy:

  • Virtue is the awakening of the seeds of good deeds in a person's mind and heart
  • Courage is considered knowledge as a virtue, with virtue being wisdom
• Epistemology in philosophy:

  • Induction forms general ideas from particular facts
  • Deduction finds general laws to understand particular facts
  • Empiricism views knowledge as attainable only through sense experience, not imagination
  • Rationalists advocate for real knowledge based on logic and reason
• Logic in philosophy:

  • Concerned with the truth and validity of arguments
  • Studies reasoning, principles, and criteria of valid inference and demonstration
• Aesthetics in philosophy:

  • Vitalizes knowledge and makes it alive and useful
  • Helps individuals live more deeply and richly, rising from a purely physical existence
• Filipino Thought:

  • Three dimensions include Loob, Filipino philosophy of time, Bahala Na, and positive and negative aspects of Filipino thought and values
• Philosophy of Abundance:

  • Abundance is about overflowing nonstop, not material possessions but relationships with others, ourselves, and nature
  • Abundance is equated with materialism and surrendering oneself
  • Abundance is a choice that involves giving, sharing, and evolving into a higher being