Metabolism

• Definition of Metabolism:

  Total of all the chemical processes/reactions that take place in our cells (the body)
• Inputs and outputs of humans:

  Inputs: O2, H20, Nutrients

  Metabolism in body

  Outputs: CO2, Metabolic wastes (e.g., urea), H20, salts
• Describe catabolic reactions:

  Large molecules -> small molecules called catabolism (glucose metabolism)
• What do catabolic reactions do with energy?

  Release energy
• Describe Anabolic reactions:

  Small molecules -> large molecules called anabolism (protein synthesis)
• What do anabolic reactions do with energy?

  Require/use energy
• Describe catabolism:

  • Destructive metabolic process
  • Complex substances broken down into simpler ones
  • Releases energy (e.g., cellular respiration)
• Describe Anabolism:

  • Constructive metabolic process
  • Complex substances built up from simpler ones
  • Use energy (e.g., protein synthesis)
• What is cellular respiration?


  Breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (60% as heat, 40% as ATP), within the presence of oxygen
• How many common amino acids in there?

  20
• Location of protein synthesis?

  Ribosomes
• What are proteins?


  Long chains of amino acids
• What does DNA have to do with protein synthesis

  Instructs protein assembly
• Summary equation of cellular respiration:

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2
• Identify steps 1-6:

  1. Energy in
  2. ADP+P
  3. ATP
  4. ATP-P
  5. Energy out
  6. ADP

  
• Explain the first stage of cellular respiration:

  • Called: Glycolysis
  • Anaerobic stage
  • Breaks down one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) to produce two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
  • Yields (makes) two molecules of ATP
• Does glycolysis require oxygen?

  No oxygen required
• Where does glycolysis take place?

  Cytoplasm
• What does ATP stand for:

  Adenosine Triphosphate
• What are the 2nd and 3rd stage of cellular respiration called

  2nd stage: Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

  3rd stage: Electron transport system
• Why do we group the 2nd and 3rd stage of cellular respiration together?

  Both are a part of aerobic respiration
• Explain the 2nd and 3rd stage of cellular respiration:

  • Series of reactions during pyruvate is completely broken down into CO2
  • Yields (makes) 2 molecules of ATP (34 ATP)
• Where does the krebs cycle and the electron transport system stage take place?

  Takes place in the mitochondria
• What does the 2nd and 3rd stage of cellular respiration require?

  Oxygen
• What type of energy is stored in cells?

  ATP