Prelim

• study of fungi

  mycology
• total number of species in mycology

  80,000
• No. of medically important fungi

  less than 400
• only less 50 species are causing 90% of human and animal infection
• 3 Beneficial Activities of Fungi

  Food & Production, Industrial Production, Decomposition
• Fungi reside exogenously
• Fungal pathogen that is capable of destroying cops

  Phytopathogens
• 6 Harmful Activities of Fungi

  1.Destruction of Materials

  2. Spoilage of storage foods

  3. Destruction of crops

  4. Fungal Infection

  5. Allergies

  6. Mycotoxicosis
• Mycotoxicosis means


  capable of prodcuing toxins
• Example of Mycotoxicosis

  Aflatoxin by Aspergillus spp
• Natural Habitat of fungi

  environment
• Fungi are (eukaryotic/ prokaryotic) organisms


  eukaryotic
• Oxygen requirements of fungi

  Obligate or Facultative
• Organelle that secrete enzymes that are capable of degrading organic substrates into soluble materials

  Secretory Apparatus
• Secretory Apparatus secrete enzymes that ae capable of degrading organic substrates into soluble materials
• Secretory Apparatus secrete enzymes that ae capable of degrading organic substrates into soluble materials that are either: 


  Passively Absorbed or Actively Transported
• Cell wall is composed of _____ layers

  Carbohydrate
• Cell wall is made up of carbohydrates such as (3)


  polysaccharides (chitin), glycoproteins, and lipids
• Organelle that determines and maintain the shape of the fungus

  Cell wall
• Cell wall has carbohydrate layers that is capable of :

  1. Activate the complement cascade
  2. Provoke an inflammatory reaction
  3. Poorly degraded by the host
  4. Detected with special stain
  5. Releasing antigens that elicits cellular immune responses and diagnostic antibodies
• means capable of producing enzymes through secretory apparatuses

  Chemotrophic
• means incapable of making their own food

  Achlorophyllous\
• Majority of fungal elements are (airborne/not airborne) as they are (bigger/ smaller) than bacteria

  not airborne, bigger
• Reproduction of fungi

  sexual and assexual
• Aspergillus spp = Opportunistic fungi

  Blastomyces spp = Dimorphic fungi

  Coccidioides spp = Dimorphic fungi

  Cryptococcus neoformans complex = encapsulated fungi

  Dematiaceous fungi = dimorphic systemic fungi

  Histoplasma capsulatum = Dimorphic systemic fungi

  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis = dimorphic systemic fungi

  Sporothrix schenckii spp. = Subcutaneous fungi
• Aspergillus spp = Opportunistic fungi

  Blastomyces spp = Dimorphic fungi

  Coccidioides spp = Dimorphic fungi

  Cryptococcus neoformans complex = encapsulated fungi

  Dematiaceous fungi = dimorphic systemic fungi

  Histoplasma capsulatum = Dimorphic systemic fungi

  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis = dimorphic systemic fungi

  Sporothrix schenckii spp. = Subcutaneous fungi
• Aspergillus spp Putative Virulence Factor (7)

  • Elastase-serine protease

  o Proteases

  o Toxins (gliotoxin, fumagillin, helvolic acid)

  o Other

  • Elastase-metalloprotease

  • Aspartic acid proteinase

  • Aflatoxin

  • Catalase

  • Lysine biosynthesis

  • p-aminobenzoic acid synthesis
• Putative Virulence Factor (2) of Blastomyces spp

  • Cell wall alpha-1,3-glucan

  • BAD-1 = an adhesion and immune modulator
• Putative Virulence Factor (1) of Coccidioides spp

  Extracellular proteinases
• Virulence Factor (3) Cryptococcus neoformans complex

  • Capsule

  • Phenoloxidase melanin synthesis

  • Varietal differences
• Virulence Factor (1) of Dematiaceous fungi

  Phenoloxidase melanin synthesis
• Virulence Factor (4) of Histoplasma

  capsulatum

  • Cell wall alpha-1,3-glucan

  • Intracellular growth

  • Thermotolerance

  • CBP, binds calcium
• Virulence Factor (4) of Paracoccidioides

  brasiliensis

  • Estrogen-binding proteins

  • Cell wall components

  • Beta-glucan

  • Alpha-1,3-glucan
• Virulence Factor (2) of Sporothrix schenckii spp.

  • Thermotolerance

  • Extracellular enzymes
• YEAST

  • Soft, opaque, and cream-colored

  • Growth as 37 °C

  • Single cells (unicellular)

  o 3um-15um

  o Spherical to ellipsoid in shape and varying in diameter from
• ___ is a chain of elongated yeast cells

  Pseudohyphae
• MOLD

  • Production of multicellular filamentous colonies

  o Hyphae → Mycelium

  ▪ 2um to 10um (size) branching cylindric tubules

  • Room temperature (21-25°C)
• These two are specific structures that are

  commonly found in molds / fungi

  o Hyphae

  o Spores (round)
• Term for fungus that only exists in one form

  Monomorph
• Term for when fungi exist either as yeast or mold

  Dimorphic