PSY 101 Chapter 2

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Lhalane Cordis

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  • Human Development is the scientificof study the patterns of growth and change that occurs throughout life.
  • Two Types of Change
    1. Quantitative change
    2. Qualitative change
  • Quantitative change refers to physical growth like progress in height or weight.
  • Qualitative change refers to the change of function of an organ, resulting to improve efficiency and accuracy.
  • Aspects of Human Development
    1. Physical development
    2. Perceptual development
    3. Cognitive or Intellectual development
    4. Personality development
    5. Social development
  • Physical development - changes in the body structure and motor skills.
  • Perceptual development - development of sensory capacities such as the changes in the seeing and hearing abilities of infants.
  • Cognitive or Intellectual development - change in mental abilities, learning capacity, memory, reasoning thought processes and language.
  • Personality development - patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish one individual from another.
  • Social development - acquisition of social skills, the formation of relationships, and the understanding of social norms and roles.
  • Longitudinal Design is a study that have the same participants at different times.
  • Cross-sectional design is done with different participants at the same time.
  • Factors of Development
    1. Biological Factor (Nature)
    2. Environmental Factor (Nurture)
  • Biological Factor- Human behavior is the result of already-present biological factors
  • Environmental Factor- Human behavior is the result of interaction with one’s environment
  • The Nature/Nurture Debate
    • The role of innate and inherited features.
    • The role of the environment and nurturing.
  • 8 Stages of Development
    1. Prenatal stage
    2. Infancy (0-1 year old)
    3. Early childhood (2-6 years old)
    4. Middle childhood (7-12 years old)
    5. Adolescence (13-19 years old)
    6. Young adulthood (20-40 years old)
    7. Middle adulthood (41-65 years old)
    8. Late adulthood/Old age (66 years old- Death)
  • Heredity - The transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. This process occurs through the combination of genetic material in the egg and sperm during fertilization.
  • Every 28 days a female ovulates and releases egg cell to fallopian tube.
  • At the height of copulation the male parent releases sperm cells (300-500 million) inside the female’s vagina.
  • The healthy sperms are programmed to swim and seek out the egg cell and fertilize it.
  • Out of the millions of sperms, only about 50 of them will be able to come close to the egg cell
  • The sperms will release enzyme that dissolves the jelly- like coating of the egg cell.
  • Meanwhile, the egg is no passive participant; it actually embraces the lucky sperm cell.
  • To avoid penetration by more than one sperm, the egg produces brief electrical shocks on its surface (lasting about 30 seconds) followed by a hard protein coat.
  • The sperm cell is held down on the egg’s membrane, while the coat rises above it, pushing all the other sperms away.
  • The egg pulls the sperm inside itself, and moves its nucleus to meet that of the sperm.
  • Fertilization, the union of the egg and the sperm, produces a single cell that is called the zygote, which contains 23 chromosomes (strands of genetic material) contributed by the sperm and 23 chromosomes contributed by the egg.
  • Chromosomes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), each segment of the DNA is a gene, the basic unit of heredity.
  • 46 chromosomes – it is called as the karyotype
  • Karyotype provide programming for inherited characteristics like blood type, height, skin color, and so forth.
  • Karyotype can help identify chromosome abnormalities that are evident in either the structure or the number of chromosomes.
  • The first 22 pairs are called autosomes.\
  • The 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes.
  • Sex chromosomes determine the sex or gender of the developing baby.
  • All eggs and 50% of all sperm cells contain x sex chromosomes, while only the remaining 50% the sperm cells have a y sex chromosome.
  • XX- female
    XY - male
  • Sperm cell
    • X and Y chromosomes
  • Egg cell
    • X chromosome
  • Transmission of Traits
    • Chromosomes
    • Genes
    • DNA