HAPPATH LECTURE MODULE 1

• Anatomy


  the study of the structure and relationship between body parts
• Physiology


  study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
• Patho-physiology


  the functional changes associated wiht or resulting from disease or injury
• Characeristics of Life

  - growth

  - reproduce

  - heredity

  - homeostasis

  - metabolism

  - cellular

  - respond

  - adjustability
• Homeostasis


  - a characteristic of all living systems

  - the maintenance of stable, intern conditions
• Negative Feedback Mechanism


  a type of regulation in biological systems in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process
• Positive Feedback Mechanism


  a feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal
• Basic Mechanism of Disease

  - pathogenic organisms

  - degenerative

  - neoplasm

  - metabolic disease

  - toxic disease

  - traumatic disease

  - psychogenic disease

  - nutritional deficiency

  - iatrogenic disease

  - congenital disease

  - idiopathic disease

  - endocrine disease
• Pathogenic Organisms


  organisms capable of causing disease
• Degenerative


  caused by the progressive destruction of cells due to disease or the aging process
• Neoplasm


  new growth; tumor / cancer
• Metabolic Disease


  diseases caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body
• Toxic Disease

  ingestion or exposure to poison
• Traumatic Disease


  caused by physical injury
• Psychogenic Disease


  Physical disease caused by emotional stress
• Nurtitional Deficiency


  result when an individual's diet is inadequate in terms of the amount or type of proteins etc
• Iatrogenic Disease


  a condition that is caused by a medical treatment
• Congenital Disease


  disease present at birth
• Idiopathic Disease


  a disease that develops without a known or apparent cause
• Endocrine Disease


  results from excessive or inadequate leels of hormone production
• Clinical Application

  - palpations

  - auscultations

  - percussion

  - reflex testing
• Palpations


  Examination with the hands, feeling for organs, masses, or infiltration of a part of the body, feeling the heart or pulse beat, or vibrations in the chest.
• Auscultation


  listening to sounds within the body using a stethoscope
• Percussion


  the act or technique of tapping the surface of a body part to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the resulting sound
• Reflex Testing


  incorporates an assessment of the function and interplay of both sensory and motor pathways; it is simple yet informative and can give important insights into the integrity of the nervous system at many different levels
• Pathology


  the study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
• Anatomic Pathology


  A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies
• Etiology


  The cause of a disease or the science that deals with such causes
• Disease


  An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness
• Pathogenesis


  sequence of events that leads from cause to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestatno of disease
• Sign


  any objective evidence of disease
• Symptoms


  a subjective evidence of disease
• Sequela


  an after effect of a disease, condition, or injury
• Acute Disease


  it connotes an illness that is of short duration, rapidly progressive and in need of urgent care
• Chronic Disease


  It is a disease that lasts 3 months or more
• Epidemiology


  A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population
• Endemic


  native or confined to a particular region or people
• Epidemic


  a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
• Sporadic


  A disease which occurs in single and scattered cases
• Pandemic


  An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide.