Biology

• What classification system did Whittaker propose in 1969?

  Five Kingdom classification
• What is the focus of this chapter in relation to the plant kingdom?

  Further classification within Kingdom Plantae
• Why have fungi and certain members of Monera and Protista been excluded from Plantae?

  Because they have cell walls and were previously misclassified
• What are the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker?

  Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
• What are the main groups described under Plantae in this chapter?

  • Algae
  • Bryophytes
  • Pteridophytes
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
• What was the basis of the earliest classification systems for plants?

  Gross superficial morphological characters
• Why were the early classification systems considered artificial?

  They separated closely related species based on a few characteristics
• What do natural classification systems consider that artificial systems do not?

  Natural affinities and both external and internal features
• Who proposed a natural classification for flowering plants?

  George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker

  
• What is the basis of phylogenetic classification systems?

  Evolutionary relationships between organisms
• What is Numerical Taxonomy?

  A method that assigns numbers and codes to observable characteristics for classification
• What is Cytotaxonomy based on?

  Cytological information like chromosome number and structure

  
• What does Chemotaxonomy use to resolve classification confusions?

  Chemical constituents of the plant
• What are algae characterized as?

  Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic organisms
• Where do algae typically occur?

  In aquatic environments, moist stones, soils, and wood
• How do algae reproduce?

  By vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods
• What is the most common type of spore produced in algae during asexual reproduction?

  Zoospores
• What is isogamous reproduction in algae?

  Fusion of two gametes that are similar in size
• What is oogamous reproduction in algae?

  Fusion between a large non-motile female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete
• What are the three main classes of algae?

  • Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
  • Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
  • Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
• What is the primary role of algae in the ecosystem?

  They are primary producers of energy-rich compounds
• How do algae contribute to the oxygen levels in their environment?

  By carrying out photosynthesis
• What is agar and where is it obtained from?

  Agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria
• What is the significance of Chlorella?

  It is a unicellular alga rich in proteins used as a food supplement
• What are the pigments found in Chlorophyceae?


  Chlorophyll a and b
• What is the storage form of food in Chlorophyceae?

  Starch
• What type of cell wall do Chlorophyceae have?

  A rigid cell wall made of cellulose and pectose
• What is the primary habitat of Phaeophyceae?

  Marine habitats
• What is the food storage form in Phaeophyceae?

  Complex carbohydrates like laminarin or mannitol
• What is the significance of fucoxanthin in Phaeophyceae?

  It contributes to the brown color of the algae
• How do Phaeophyceae reproduce asexually?

  By biflagellate zoospores that are pear-shaped

  
• What is the predominant pigment in Rhodophyceae?

  1. phycoerythrin
• What type of starch do red algae store as food?

  Floridean starch
• How do Rhodophyceae reproduce sexually?

  By non-motile gametes in an oogamous manner
• What are the main characteristics of the three classes of algae?

  • Chlorophyceae: Green algae, chlorophyll a & b, starch storage, cellulose cell wall
  • Phaeophyceae: Brown algae, chlorophyll a & c, mannitol/laminarin storage, cellulose cell wall
  • Rhodophyceae: Red algae, chlorophyll a & d, floridean starch storage, cellulose/pectin cell wall
• What are bryophytes commonly known as?

  Amphibians of the plant kingdom
• Where do bryophytes typically grow?

  In moist, shaded areas

  
• What is the main plant body of bryophytes called?

  Gametophyte
• What are the male and female sex organs in bryophytes called?

  Antheridium and archegonium
• What happens after the fusion of antherozoid and egg in bryophytes?

  A zygote is formed which develops into a sporophyte