Paper 2

• What are the 3 rock types

  Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
• how where igneous rocks formed

  Made fRon magma e.g. granite
• How are sedimentary rocks formed

  Compressed sediment e.g. clay, chalk, limestone
• How are metamorphic rocks formed

  Igneous or sedimentary changed by heat or pressure e.g. shale into slate
• How is the UK split

  It’s split in 2 halves by a line called the tees-exe line
• what is the geology of the top half of the Tees-Exe line

  The top half is mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks which form uplands
• What is the geology of the bottom half of the Tees-Exe line

  It is mainly sedimentary rocks which are characteristics of lowlands
• Why is the top half of the UK uplands

  Because of glaciation. The top half was covered by ice in the last ice age which covered as far south as London. The ice pressed down on the landscape and eroded the land in distinct ways
• Why did glaciation still effect the south

  As if was still frozen and the clays, sands and silts eroded in the north where dumped in the south
• What are the main sedimentary rocks

  Chalk, clay and Carboniferous limestone
• What are the main igneous rocks

  Granite
• What are the main metamorphic rocks

  schists and slate
• What is key about chalk landscapes

  chalk is strong and permeable, water moves through it . They form cliffs when is occurs at coastlines. Chalk is only found in lowland Britain.
• What is key about clay landscapes

  Clay is weak and impermeable, water cannot move through it. Clay is found all over Britain. Clay landscapes are typically wide flat plains with lots of lakes, streams and rivers
• What is key about granite

  Granite is hard and resistant to erosion but is susceptible to chemical weathering. It is impermeable and granite landscapes are badly drained - boggy. Tors are features of granite landscapes: towers of granite chemically weathered into blocks
• What is key about metamorphic rocks

  They are very strong and very resistant to erosion and weathering. Slate is formed from clay. Layers of original clay form weak planes in the slate. Schists are formed from shale. They can split very easily
• What are the 2 types of coastlines

  concordant and discordant coast
• What is concordant coastline

  Where the coast is made up of 1 rock type
• What is a discordant coastline

  Where the rock types alternates in layers perpendicular to the sea, forming headlands and bays
• What are joints and faults

  Joints are small cracks in rocks, and faults are larger cracks in rocks. Both make the Rock susceptible to erosion. Rocks with more joints and faults are eroded more quickly that rocks with fewer joints and faults.
• properties of soft rocks

  Is easily eroded by the sea. Cliffs will be less rugged and less steep than hard rock cliffs. Soft rock landscapes include bays
• Properties of hard rock

  is resistant to all types of erosion. Cliffs will be high, steep and rugged. hard rock landscapes include wave cut platforms and headlands where cave, arches and stacks are formed
• What are the 4 types of transportation

  Traction, saltation, suspension, solution
• What is traction

  Large boulders are rolled along the sea bed by waves
• What is saltation

  Smaller stones are bounced along the sea bed
• What is suspension

  Sand and small particles are carried along In the flow
• What is solution

  Some minerals are dissolved in seawater and carried along in the flow
• What are the 3 landscapes of deposition

  Beaches, spits, bars
• examples of hard engineering

  Sea walls, groynes
• examples of soft engineering

  Beach replenishment, slope stabilisation
• Positives and negatives of sea walls

  P-protects cliffs and buildings

  n-expensive
• Positives and negatives of groynes

  P-prevents sea from moving sand

  N-exposes over areas of coastlines
• Positives and negatives of beach replenishment

  P-sand reduces wave energy and maintains tourism

  N-expensive
• Positives and negatives of slope stabilisation

  P-reduces slippage

  N-foot of cliff still needs protected by waves
• what are human impacts on coastlines

  Development, Industry, Agriculture, Coastal management, Tourism
• Positive and negative impacts of development on a coastline

  P-Raises interest in protecting coastal landscapes

  N-Changes in drainage increase saturation, the weight of buildings increase cliff vulnerability
• Positives and negatives of industry on a coastline

  P-Brings wealth and jobs to the area

  N-Can cause/increase air, soil, water and noise pollution, can destroy natural habitats for birds, animals and sea life
• Positives and negatives of agriculture on a coastline

  P-Wildlife habitats may be created or preserved

  N-Increased soil erosion, increased sedimentation
• Positive and negatives of coastal management on a coastline

  P-Some salt marshes, sand dunes, sand bars and spits are preserved and protected, helps reduce the risk of coastal flooding

  N-Can increase erosion further along the coastline
• Positives and negatives of tourism on a coastline

  P-increased revenue benefits people living there, increased desire to protect and preserve landscapes so tourism can continue

  N-increased development for hotels and campsites impacts on natural processes, increased pollution