the making of national movement

Subdecks (1)

Cards (44)

  • People were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s because:
    • British were controlling the resources of India
    • British were trying to control the lives of the people, hindering India from being for Indians
    • The Arms Act of 1878 prohibited Indians from owning arms
    • The Vernacular Press Act of 1879 aimed to silence critics of the government
    • Furor over the Ilbert Bill in 1883, which proposed trial of British or European persons by Indians and equality between British and Indian judges
  • The Indian National Congress aimed to speak for all communities of India, not just one class or community, in the fight for freedom
  • The First World War had economic impacts on India such as:
    • Increase in defence expenditure
    • Rise in taxes on individual incomes and business profits
    • Sharp increase in prices due to military expenditure and demands for war supplies
    • Decline in imports into India
    • Business groups making significant profits
  • The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for "Independent States" for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country, without mentioning partition or Pakistan
  • The Moderates were a group who proposed to struggle against British rule through petitions, meetings, and agitations, aiming to bring about constitutional reforms within the framework of British rule
  • Moderates wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule
  • Moderates published newspapers, wrote articles, and criticized British rule in speeches
  • Moderates sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilize public support
  • Moderates believed that expressing just demands to the British government would lead to acceptance
  • Radicals advocated mass mobilization and boycott of British institutions and goods
  • Some radicals suggested that "revolutionary violence" would be necessary to overthrow British rule
  • Moderates followed the rules, laws, and order posed by the British
  • Radicals opposed the "practice of prayers" followed by the Moderates
  • Different forms of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India included:
    • Nonviolent campaigns against high land revenue demand in Kheda, Gujarat
    • Picketing of liquor shops in coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu
    • "Forest satyagraha" in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh by tribals and poor peasants
    • Enthusiasm among Muslim traders and peasants in Sind (now in Pakistan) for the Khilafat call
    • Communal unity and strength in Bengal due to the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance
    • Akali agitation in Punjab by Sikhs to remove corrupt mahants from gurdwaras
  • People thought of Gandhiji as a messiah who could help them overcome misery and poverty
  • Gandhiji chose to break the salt law to relate the general desire for freedom to a specific grievance shared by all, without dividing the rich and the poor
  • Key developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan:
    • Two-nation theory
    • Provincial elections of 1937
    • Rift between Congress and Muslim League
    • Failed talks
    • Provincial elections of 1946
    • Mass agitation
    • Partition was finalized and Pakistan was created
  • The emergence of nationalism played a significant role in the making of the national movement in India
  • The British rule over India in their self-interest led to the armed Revolt of 1857
  • Political associations started forming after 1850, including:
    • Puna Sarvajanik Sabha
    • Indian Association
    • The Madras Mahajan Sabha
    • The Bombay Presidency Association
    • The Indian National Congress
  • The Arms Act of 1878 prohibited Indians from carrying weapons, causing resentment among Indians
  • The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 empowered the government to confiscate newspapers printing against the British government
  • The Ilbert Bill of 1883 aimed to remove racial discrimination in the judicial services but was withdrawn due to protests by Europeans
  • The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 with the goal of empowering Indians to take decisions regarding their affairs
  • The Congress demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government, separation of Judiciary from the executive, repeal of the Arms Act, and freedom of speech and expression
  • The Congress raised economic issues such as reduction of land Revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation
  • In 1907, the Congress split into two groups: moderates and extremists, with different approaches to opposing British rule
  • The partition of Bengal in 1905 led to the birth of the Swadeshi movement, which boycotted British institutions and goods
  • The Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement were organized to oppose British rule in India
  • The Non-Cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi gained momentum in 1921 and 1922, involving various sections of society in the struggle for self-government
  • The Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and led to successful Congress elections in 1937
  • The Quit India movement was initiated in August 1942 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, demanding freedom from British rule
  • India became independent on August 15, 1947, but was partitioned into two countries, India and Pakistan