LESSON 2 & e

• Types of cybercrime:

  • Viruses
  • Malware
  • DoS Attacks
  • Phishing Emails
  • Cyberstalking
  • Identity Theft
• Cybercrimes can generally be divided into two categories:

  • Crimes that target networks or devices
  • Crimes using devices to participate in criminal activities
• Categories of cybercrime:

  • Individual
  • Property
  • Government
• Property cybercrime:

  • Involves illegally possessing an individual’s bank or credit card details
  • Hackers steal bank details to gain access to funds, make purchases online, or run phishing scams
  • Use malicious software to gain access to confidential information
• Individual cybercrime:

  • Involves distributing malicious or illegal information online
  • Includes cyberstalking, distributing pornography, and trafficking
• Government cybercrime:

  • Least common but most serious offense
  • Known as cyber terrorism
  • Includes hacking government websites, military websites, or distributing propaganda
  • Perpetrated by terrorists or enemy governments
• DDoS Attacks:

  • Used to make an online service unavailable by overwhelming the site with traffic
  • Botnets are created by depositing malware on users’ computers
• Botnets:

  • Networks from compromised computers controlled by remote hackers
  • Used to send spam or attack other computers
  • Can act as malware and perform malicious tasks
• Identity Theft:

  • Criminal gains access to personal information to steal funds or participate in fraud
  • Can open accounts, plan criminal activities, or claim benefits in victim’s name
• Cyberstalking:

  • Involves online harassment through messages and emails
  • Cyberstalkers use social media, websites, and search engines to intimidate victims
• Social Engineering:

  • Criminals make direct contact to gain confidence and pose as customer service agents
  • Aim to obtain passwords, company information, or bank details
  • Gain access to accounts and sell information or secure accounts in victim’s name
• PUPs:

  • Potentially Unwanted Programs are a type of malware
  • Uninstall necessary software including search engines and pre-downloaded apps
  • Can include spyware or adware
• Phishing:

  • Involves sending malicious email attachments or URLs to gain access to accounts or computers
  • Users are tricked into changing passwords or updating information, giving criminals access
• Prohibited/Illegal Content:

  • Involves sharing and distributing inappropriate content
  • Includes sexual activity, violent videos, and materials advocating terrorism or child exploitation
  • Exists on the everyday internet and dark web
• Online Scams:

  • Usually in the form of ads or spam emails with promises of rewards or unrealistic amounts of money
  • Clicking on scams can compromise information through malware interference
• Exploit Kits:

  • Need a vulnerability in software code to gain control of a user’s computer
  • Readymade tools available for purchase online on dark web hacking forums
• Copyright infringement is the use or production of copyright-protected material without the permission of the copyright holder
• Copyright infringement breaches the rights afforded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time
• Music and movies are forms of entertainment that suffer from significant amounts of copyright infringement
• Infringement cases may lead to contingent liabilities, which are amounts set aside in case of a possible lawsuit
• Individuals and companies register for copyright protection to profit from their efforts
• Other parties may be granted permission to use works through licensing arrangements or may purchase the works from the copyright holder
• Factors that may lead to copyright infringement include a high price for the authorized work or a lack of access to a supply of the authorized work
• Original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain are copyrightable in the Philippines
• Copyrightable works include books, articles, lectures, music compositions, drawings, paintings, sculptures, computer programs, and more
• Derivative works are also protected, such as dramatizations, translations, adaptations, and collections of works
• Copyright protection does not cover ideas, procedures, systems, news of the day, official texts, works of the Philippine Government, and statutes, among others
• Owners of original literary and artistic works include the author, co-authors in joint ownership, employees, employers, commissioned work owners, and audio-visual work creators
• Authors have copy or economic rights and moral rights over their work
• Copy rights include reproduction, distribution, rental, display, performance, and communication to the public
• Moral rights include attribution, alterations, objections to distortion, and restraint of use of name with respect to the work
• Plagiarism is copying or stealing an idea or work of others without giving credits
• Plagiarism can lead to consequences like imprisonment and fines
• Six ways to avoid plagiarism include paraphrasing, citing, quoting, and referencing
• Copyright violation grants authors and artists exclusive rights to their work and occurs when there is infringement upon the legal rights of the copyright holder
• Plagiarism ensures proper credit is given when someone's work is used by another person and can lead to severe consequences like expulsion or loss of credibility
• A person can commit plagiarism and copyright violation with the same action by using something without permission and not citing sources
• An action may be a copyright violation but not plagiarism if the source is cited but not legally used
• An action may be plagiarism but not a copyright violation if the material is not protected by copyright law but not properly cited
• Plagiarism is about the failure to acknowledge the author of a source used and can be avoided by citing sources