Genetics

• Mitosis is involved in growth, development, and repair of multicellular organisms, while meiosis is involved in the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.
• Metaphase is when chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.
• Interphase is the longest stage of mitosis where DNA replication occurs during S phase.
• The stages of mitosis are interphase (G1, S, G2), metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• DNA consists of two strands twisted together into a double helix structure.
• Mitosis allows for growth and repair of cells.
• Chromosomes consist of DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins.
• Mitosis ensures the passing of genetic material to offspring.
• The centromere is the point where sister chromatids are attached to spindle fibers.
• Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.
• Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells.
• Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells.
• Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
• Each base pair has one purine and one pyrimidine base.
• Anaphase is when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division to produce four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• Adenine pairs with thymine through hydrogen bonds.
• During prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes with centromeres.
• Telophase is when nuclear envelopes form around new nuclei and cytokinesis begins.
• In prometaphase, nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on sister chromatids.
• Cytosine pairs with guanine through three hydrogen bonds.
• Histones are positively charged proteins that bind to negatively charged DNA.
• Chromatids separate from one another during anaphase II.
• Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and involves DNA replication.
• Non-histone proteins regulate gene expression by binding to specific sequences on DNA.
• During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate during metaphase.
• Anaphase is when sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
• Metaphase I: Homologous pairs line up at the equatorial plate.
• Prophase I consists of homologous pairing, crossing over, synapsis, and chiasmata formation.
• Anaphase is when sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.
• Meiosis involves one round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of nuclear division (meiotic prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
• Metaphase is when chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
• Prophase I: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes with paired homologous chromosomes.
• Meiosis involves one round of cell division with no nuclear membrane (prophase), followed by another round without cytokinesis (metaphase).
• Metaphase is when chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane.
• Metaphase I occurs when homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate.
• Guanine pairs with cytosine through hydrogen bonds.
• Homologous chromosome pairing occurs during meiosis.
• The DNA double helix consists of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and C-G).
• Cytokinesis occurs during telophase II.