historical context of mental health

• 3 explanations about mental health

  imbalance of 4 bodily humours

  punishment by god

  possession by the devil
• 3 historical treatments for mental health

  bloodletting

  lobotomy

  exorcism
• who defined the 4 criteria for abnormality

  rosenhann and speilmen
• what are the 4 criteria for abnormality

  statistical infrequency

  deviation from social norms

  failure to function adequately

  deviation from ideal mental health
• define statistical infrequency and evaluate

  behaviour which is statistically infrequent in a population

  3.75% of uk population have schizophrenia which is statistically infrequent

  • not everyone with specific disorders are part of the stat
• define deviation from social norms and evaluate

  behaviour which is different to societies expectation

  being unemployed and not working or taking illegal drugs

  • society is now diverse e.g. hearing voices is seen as a blessing by god in India but a symptom of schizophrenia
• define failure to function adequately and evaluate

  when someone is unable to live a normal life adequately

  gambling or OCD

  • sometimes it is appropriate to fail to function e.g. grief.
  • someone who struggles may not function adequately
• define deviation from ideal mental health

  lacking ideal mental health means your abnormal

  criteria for ideal mental health, Jahoda: positive attitude towards self adequacy in love, control over behaviour
• describe the icd - 11 manual

  internationally used, created by the WHO, diagnosis for mental and physical illness
• describe the DSM - 5 manual

  american, APA, only for mental illness
• evaluation of classification of MI

  + useful, provides diagnosis

  +internal reliability, ICD and DSM are cross checked with each other for reliable diagnoses

  _ gender bias, females are more likely to be diagnosed with specific disorders

  _ invalid + unethical, some physicians are on Pharmaceutical boards
• aim of rosenhans study

  to see if people can tell the difference between the sane and insane and to see how patients are treated
• describe study 1

  method- field and pps obs

  sample- nurses and staff of 12 different psych hospitals. 8 psudopatients

  procedure- patients called up complaining hearing voices saying "empty", "hallow" and "thud". once admitted patients said they no longer had any symptoms. patients where only discharged when nurses where convinced they where sane.

  results- 11 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and one with manic-depression. shortest stay - 7 days, longest- 52, avg - 19.

  patients where dehumanised and made to feel powerless
• describe study 2

  sample- staff at 1 psych hospital.

  method- observation

  procedure- hospital where told pseudopatients would be sent and that they needed to be identified

  results- the hospital identified 83/193 where pseudo, when 0 patients where.
• describe study 3

  A: to see the difference between staff - patient interaction and student - teacher interaction

  patient had to ask 3 questions to the staff

  student had to ask 6 questions to the teacher

  results of patient-

  eye contact : P, 23 N,10

  walk off: P, 71 N, 88

  response: brief

  stop and talk: P, 4 N,0.5

  result of student-

  eye C: 100

  walk off: 0

  response: full

  stop and talk: 100
• what was good about rosenhans study

  +high internal validity, no demand characteristics

  +high ecological validity, real hospitals used

  +high reliability, patients said the same symptoms

  +useful, able to implement training for staff
• what was bad about rosenhans study

  deception

  socially sensitive research, patients may not want to go to specific hospitals

  ethonocentric, only american hospitals used

  snapshot, low temporal validity