MEMORY

• MULTI STORE MODEL OF MEMORY?

  AO1:

  • Atkinson + Shiffrin
  • stimuli, sensory register, STM, LTM (unitary, coding, capacity, duration)
  • attention, rehearsal loop, prolonged rehearsal, retrieval, interference/ decay

  AO3:

  + BADDELEY (coding) but artificial

  + MILNER (HM, breakfast, number) but improve at tracing

  + RWA (students) but CRAIK + WATKINS (elaborative rehearsal)

  -. SHALLICE + WARRINGTON (KF, better visual) but case study, clinical
• WORKING MEMORY MODEL?

  AO1:

  • short-term memory
  • Baddeley + Hitch (updated by Baddeley)
  • central executive, phonological loop (phonological store, articulatory control processes), visuospatial sketchpad (visual cache, inner scribe), episodic buffer

  AO3:

  + BADDELEY (dual-tasking)

  + SHALLICE + WARRINGTON (KF, better visual) but case study, clinical

  -. central executive
• TYPES OF LTM?

  AO1:

  • Tulving
  • episodic (frontal/ temporal lobes), semantic (temporal lobes), procedural (basal ganglia/ motor cortex)

  AO3:

  + MILNER (HM, walk, dog) but case study, clinical / CLIVE WEARING (wife, piano) but case study, clinical

  + PETERSON + BUCKNER (semantic left PFC, episodic right PFC) but episodic encoded left PFC, episodic retrieved right PFC

  + BELLEVILLE ET AL (intervention)
• INTERFERENCE?

  forgetting as one blocks another, distorted/ forgotten

  PROACTIVE (forget new, due to existing)

  + TULVING + PSOTKA (list, 70%) but artificial

  RETROACTIVE (forget existing, due to new)

  + BADDELEY + HITCH (rugby, higher ecological validity) but extraneous variables and cause and effect
• RETRIEVAL FAILURE?

  forgetting due to lack of appropriate cues (external/ internal) - do not align at encoding and retrieval (encoding specificity principle)

  CONTEXT DEPENDENT: external cues

  + GODDEN + BADDELEY (divers) but encoding specificity principle not independently tested, no cause and effect

  + RWA (cognitive interviews)

  STATE DEPENDENT: internal cues

  + CARTER + CASSADAY (antihistamines) but incomplete explanation, information only unable to recalled
• MISLEADING INFORMATION?

  LEADING QUESTIONS (suggest how to respond)

  LOFTUS + PALMER estimate speed in questionnaire

  + high internal validity (standardised)

  + RWA (miscarriages of justice) but socially sensitive research

  -. YUILLE + CUTSHALL (real, 77% correct)

  -. mundane realism, video

  POST EVENT DISCUSSION (discuss and influence accuracy)

  GABBERT ET AL spoken/ read misinformation, 75% misremembered, memory conformity

  -. FOSTER (trial or experiment)

  -. mundane realism, video
• ANXIETY?

  HINDERS (weapon effect)

  LOFTUS + BURNS (4%, 28%)

  + multiple choice

  -. lacks ecological validity

  -. VALENTINE ET AL (adrenaline)

  JOHNSON + SCOTT (33%, 49%)

  -. demand characteristics

  -. no impact of identification

  IMPROVES

  YUILLE + CUTSHALL (rate anxiety)

  + RWA: Yerkes-Dodson Law

  -. lacks internal validity (extraneous variables, self-report)
• COGNITIVE INTERVIEW?

  AO1

  • Fisher + Geiselman
  • report everything (response bias, cues)
  • reinstate context (retrieval failure, cues)
  • change order (dishonesty)
  • change perspective (expectations, schemas)

  AO3

  + KOHNKEN (81%) but 61%

  + MELLO + FISHER (old)

  -. MILNE + BULL (overcomplicated)

  + HOLLIDAY (birthday party) but not representative

  -. impractical