Molecules (Carbohydrates + Water)

• The three types of carbohydrate are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• Polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds
• Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond.
• Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage
• Water is a diplomat molecule (2 charges) and has an unevenly distributed charge due to the oxygen atom being slightly negative, and the hydrogen atom being slightly positive.
• Glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides (Hexoses)
• Deoxyribose and Ribose are monosaccharides (Pentoses)
• The most common monosaccharides found in nature are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide —> Disaccharide + Water
• alpha-glucose + alpha-glucose —(condensation)—> maltose +water
• alpha-glucose + beta-fructose —(condensation)—> sucrose + water
• maltose has a disaccharide structure and is made up of two glucose molecules
• maltose has alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds and is a disaccharide
• sucrose has an alpha-1,2 glycosidic bond and a beta-1,4 glycosidic bond
• sucrose is stored in the sieve tube of the leaf and is transported to the xylem
• lactose is a disaccharide made of glucose and galactose
• maltose is from malt sugar, malt sugar is found in germinating seeds (e.g. barley)
• Hydrolysis is the opposite of condensation
• Hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
• starch is the storage polysaccharide of plants
• amylose: the crystallizable form of starch, consisting of long unbranched polysaccharide chains.
• glycogen is an animal polymer that stores energy
• Glycogen has many branches which makes it more soluble than amylose or amylopectin
• cellulose is made up of glucose monomers joined together by beta glycosidic bonds
• Cellulose is found in plant cell walls
• Chitin is found in fungi and insect exoskeletons
• Glycogen is compact, meaning that a lot can be stored in a small space
• glycogen is found in liver and muscles and has a high concentration of glycogen. They present in visible granules which enables a high cellular respiration
• Amylase breaks down starch into maltose
• Maltase breaks down maltose to two molecules of glucose
• Sucrase breaks down sucrose to one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose
• Maltose is broken down to two molecules of glucose by maltase
• Glycogen has both 1,6 glycosidic bonds and 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• Amylose:

  • monomer: alpha-glucose
  • branched: no
  • Helix (coiled) shaped: yes
  • Glycosidic bonds present: 1,4
  • source: plant
• Amylopectin:

  • monomer: alpha-glucose
  • branched: yes, every 20 monomers
  • Helix (coiled) shaped: no
  • Glycosidic bonds present: 1,4 and 1,6
  • source: plant
• Glycogen:

  • monomer: alpha-glucose
  • Branched: yes, every 10 monomers
  • Helix (coiled) shaped: no
  • glycosidic bonds present: 1,4 and 1,6
  • source: animal