communication skills

• communication is the process by which information is exchanged between individuals through verbal, nonverbal, written or visual means
• 1. Parts of Speech:

  • Nouns (common and proper)
  • Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, indefinite)
  • Verbs (action, linking, helping)
  • Adjectives and adverbs
  • Prepositions and prepositional phrases
  • Conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating)
  • Interjections
• Sentence Structure:

  • Simple, compound, and complex sentences
  • Sentence fragments and run-on sentences
  • Subject-verb agreement
  • Avoiding double negative
• Verb Tenses:

  • Present, past, and future tenses
  • Perfect and progressive tenses
• 1. Subject-Verb Agreement:

  • Ensuring the subject and verb agree in number and person

  1. Active and Passive Voice:

  • Recognizing and using active and passive voice in sentences
• Direct and Indirect Speech:

  • Converting direct speech to indirect speech (reported speech)
• Direct Speech:

  • Quoting the exact words spoken by a person
  • Punctuation includes quotation marks, comma, or question/exclamation mark
• Indirect Speech:

  • Reporting what someone has said without quoting exactly
  • Involves changes in pronouns, verb tenses, and sometimes word order
  • No need for quotation marks
• Active Voice:

  • The subject performs the action
  • Structure: Subject + Verb + Object
• Passive Voice:

  • The subject receives the action
  • Structure: Object + Verb (to be) + Past Participle
• Subject-Verb Agreement:

  • Ensures that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number (singular or plural) and person
  • Example: The dog (singular subject) barks (singular verb), but the dogs (plural subject) bark (plural verb)
• Verb Tenses:

  • Present Tense: Expresses actions happening now
  • Past Tense: Expresses actions completed in the past
  • Future Tense: Expresses actions that will happen
  • Perfect Tense: Shows completed actions
  • Progressive Tense: Indicates ongoing or continuous actions
• Sentence Structure:

  • Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause
  • Compound Sentence: Contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or)
  • Complex Sentence: Contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Parts of Speech:

  • Nouns: Names a person, place, thing, or idea
  • Pronouns: Takes the place of a noun
  • Verbs: Expresses action or state of being
  • Adjectives: Describes or modifies nouns
  • Adverbs: Describes or modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Prepositions: Shows the relationship between a noun and another word
  • Conjunctions: Connects words, phrases, or clauses
  • Interjections: Expresses strong emotion
• Understanding and mastering these grammar concepts is essential for effective communication and writing in English
• Converting sentences between active and passive voice involves changing the structure of the sentence to emphasize the subject or the object
• In an active voice sentence, the subject performs the action on the object
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• The verb in the passive sentence is a form of "to be" (am, is, are, was, were) followed by the past participle of the main verb
• The main verb in the active sentence becomes the past participle in the passive sentence
• You can include the original subject with "by" to show who performed the action, but it's not always necessary
• Example:

  • Active: The cat chased the mouse
  • Passive: The mouse was chased by the cat
• In a passive voice sentence, the subject receives the action, and the verb is a form of "to be" followed by the past participle
• Identify who performed the action and what the action was
• The past participle becomes the main verb in the active sentence
• The original object in the passive sentence becomes the subject in the active sentence
• You can include the actor (original subject) using "by"
• Example:

  • Passive: The book was read by Mary
  • Active: Mary read the book
• Not all sentences are easily convertible between active and passive voice

  • Sometimes the choice between them depends on the emphasis or style of writing
  • Practice can help reinforce the understanding of these conversions