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Biology
Chemistry Review
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Cards (33)
Element: A substance that
cannot
be
broken down
into other kinds of substances by
ordinary chemical means
Atom: The
smallest
unit of an element that retains all of the element’s
properties
Proton:
mass
= about 1 unit,
electric charge
=
+1 unit
Neutron:
mass
= about 1 unit, electric
charge
=
0
Electron:
mass
= about 0 units,
electric charge
=
-1 unit
The number of
protons
in an atom determines the
element
Isotopes:
Atoms
with the same number of
protons
(the same element), but different numbers of
neutrons
Valence Shell: The
outermost shell
that contains one or more
electrons
Covalent Bond: A chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of
valence electrons
Molecule:
Two
or
more atoms
held together by
chemical bonding
Compound:
Molecules
with
two
or more
elements
Emergent Properties: The properties of a
compound
are not simply a combination of the properties of its elements
Polar Molecule
: A molecule with an uneven distribution of electric charge
Hydrogen Bond
: Weak attraction between polar molecules
Ion:
Atom
(or
molecule
) with a
net electric charge
Ionic Bond: A
chemical bond
resulting from the
attraction
between
oppositely charged ions
Crystal: A
regular three-dimensional lattice
of
atoms
Homogeneous Mixture
/
Solution
: Components cannot be distinguished with a light microscope
Heterogeneous Mixture
: Components can be distinguished visually
Chemical Reaction
: The making and breaking of chemical bonds
Enzyme: Makes a
chemical
reaction take place more easily (a
catalyst
)
Molecules always have
kinetic energy
, they are
moving
Temperature is just a measure of the
average kinetic energy
of
molecules
Diffusion: The
net movement
of a
substance
from an area of
high
concentration to an area of
low
concentration
Osmosis: The
diffusion
of
water
across a
semi-permeable membrane
Four Classes of Biologically Important Macromolecules:
Lipids
(e.g., fat, oil, wax): non-polar, high in chemical energy
Carbohydrates
(e.g., sugars, starch, cellulose): polar, high in chemical energy
Nucleic Acids
(e.g., DNA, RNA)
Proteins
(e.g., enzymes, hormones, structural proteins)
Monosaccharides
: single sugar unit (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides
: two sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Polysaccharides
: many sugar units (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen)
Proteins:
Folded
chain of amino acids (
unfolded
: polypeptide)
Some parts
polar
, other parts
non-polar
Primary structure: the
sequence
of amino acids
Secondary structure:
repeated
coils or
folds
of the
primary
structure
Tertiary structure:
irregular folding
of the primary and secondary structure
Quaternary structure (not always present):
two
or
more
tertiary structures integrated into a
functional unit
Hydrophobic
(water fearing) vs.
hydrophilic
(water loving)
What is acidity?
The concentration of
hydrogen
ions.
What is acid?
A substance that in
water
increases the concentration of
hydrogen
ions.
What is a base?
A substance that in
water
increases the concentration of
hydroxide
ions.
Acidity of Water:
high pH =
low
concentration of hydrogen ions
low pH =
high
concentration of hydrogen ions
What is the movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration?
Diffusion