lecture exam #1

• anatomy: study of the structure of living things

  -gross/macroscopic

  -microscopic

  -developmental: study of structural changes in living things
• physiology: study of the function of living things
• structure determines function (anatomy determines physiology)
• levels of structural organizations
• structure determines function example:

  front teeth shaped like knives to cut food, molars are flat to chew food
• levels of structural organizations example:

  1. atoms (smaller simplest)
  2. molecules
  3. cells
  4. tissues
  5. organs
  6. organ systems
  7. organisms (largest most complex)
• atoms: smallest particles of matter
• matter: anything that takes up space
• molecules: made of atoms, held together by chemical bonds (2 or more atoms)
• cell: structural unit of all living things (begins microscopic anatomy)
• tissue: group of similar/related cells, having a common function
• organ: structure of 2 or more tissue types (there are 4 different tissue types) having a specific function

  example: blood vessel- innermost epithelial tissue, then smooth tissue, outermost connective tissue
• organ system: several organs working together to accomplish a common purpose

  example: cardiovascular system- heart organ and vascular (blood-vessel) organ (2 different organ systems)
• organism: individual single living thing (human body)
• body has 11 organ systems
• (organ system)

  nurse dr clim

  nervous system

  urinary system

  respiratory system

  skeletal system

  digestive system

  reproductive system

  cardiovascular system

  lymphatic system

  integumentary system

  muscular system
• integumentary system (functions: covers surface of body, hair, skin, nails, and makes vitamin d)
• skeletal system (made of bones and joints. functions: frame work of body, forms all of our blood cells (made inside bones) stores minerals (calcium is a mineral that hardens bones)
• muscular system (made of skeletal muscles. function is movement, produces heat)
• nervous system (made of brain, spinal cord, nerves, function is to control the body (uses electrical signals)
• endocrine system (system of glands, function is to regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, secretes hormones)
• cardiovascular system (has 2 organs: heart and blood vessels. function to transport blood)
• lymphatic system (function: fluid retrieval, immunity)
• respiratory system (function: gas exchange)
• digestive system (30ft tube, functions: breaks down food, fiber can’t be broken down so digestive system, removes solid wastes)
• urinary system (kidneys filter blood, removes nitrogen wastes)
• reproductive system (male sperm, female eggs, function to produce offspring)
• homeostasis: ability to remain stable internal conditions

  -body maintains homeostasis with positive and negative. most common is negative
• negative feedback: the output (response) vs the direction of the stimulus (imbalance)

  -example: regulation of body temp., regulation of blood pressure, regulation of blood glucose, regulation of heart rate
• positive feedback: output enhances the stimulus

  -ex: labor contractions, blood clotting
• anatomical position: body standing upright facing you (so left and rights and reversed) arms are down, pam’s face forward, thumbs up
• superior/cranial: towards head/toward lower body (head is superior to abdomen)
• inferior/caudial: away from head/toward lower body (naval is inferior to chin)
• anterior/ventral: towards the front of the body (the breastbone is anterior to the spine)
• anterior/ventral: towards the front of the body (breastbone is anterior to spine)
• posterior/dorsal: toward back of body (heart is posterior to breastbone)
• medial: toward the midline of the body (heart is medial to arm)
• lateral: away from the midline of the body (arms are lateral to chest)
• intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure (collarbone is intermediate the two arms)
• superficial/external: closer to/on surface of the body (skin is superficial to ththe skeletal muscles)