Mol bio lec

• Representation of a complete (eukaryotic) cell includes organelles, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and nucleic acids
• DNA dictates the function and arrangement of cells
• DNA, RNA, and proteins are important molecules in molecular biology
• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:

  • DNA can replicate itself (replication)
  • DNA can be transcribed as RNA (transcription)
  • RNA can be translated as a protein (translation)
• Proteins are versatile macromolecules used for structure, storage, transport, pigmentation, etc.
• Genotypic expression differs from phenotypic expression
• DNA is the hereditary material that carries genetic information
• DNA is found in the nucleus for eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes
• DNA structural components include pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

  
  

  nitrogenous base differs from monomers
• Different monomers of DNA are nucleic acids made up of pyrimidines (C, T) or purines (A, G)
• Nucleic acids are bonded with a phosphodiester bond
• DNA is bonded by hydrogen bonds dependent on pyrimidine and purine pairings
• DNA forms a double helix structure held together by hydrogen bonds
• Mitochondrial DNA vs Nuclear DNA:

  • Location, copies per somatic cell, structure, genome size, number of genes, method of inheritance, method of transcription, method of translation
• DNA conformation:

  • A-DNA, B-DNA, C-DNA
• RNA is closely related to DNA and transfers genetic codes
• RNA is single-stranded and less stable than DNA
• RNA contains pyrimidines (C, U) and purines (A, G)
• mRNA carries information about protein sequence and is synthesized inside the nucleus
• tRNA pairs with mRNA and transfers amino acids during protein synthesis
• rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and forms ribosomes with proteins
• Proteins are abundant macromolecules with various functions; most versatile; does not just function one at a time
• Proteins are made up of polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
• Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, central carbon group, spare hydrogen ion, and side chain
• Polypeptides form through peptide bonds between amino and carboxyl groups
• Antimicrobial substances have been in use for 100 years, but bacteria have adapted and can now survive
• Antimicrobial resistant genes are an example of evolutionary mechanisms of bacteria
• CDC is looking for microbiologists to combat the public health concern of antimicrobial resistance
• Multiple Resistant Drug-resistant TB patients are confined in special facilities to prevent the spread of the disease
• Horizontal gene transfer involves transferring genes from one bacterium to another of the same species
• Activity on the application of horizontal gene transfer includes inserting a gene into a bacteria to observe survival and manifestation of new traits
• Mutations can occur in any part of the central dogma, leading to alterations in DNA sequences
• Alterations in DNA sequences can result from random changes, affecting transcription, translation, replication, and protein expression
• Mutation detection methods include biochemical methods and nucleic acid analyses
• Biochemical methods detect altered protein products and changes in protein structure or function
• Nucleic acid analyses involve genetic testing for DNA and RNA to identify mutations in genes
• Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism is a method to evaluate DNA conformation and detect altered sequences
• Allelic Discrimination with Fluorogenic Probes uses fluorescent detection in real-time PCR to identify normal and mutant sequences
• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism utilizes restriction endonucleases to cleave specific DNA sequences for genotyping mutations, DNA fingerprinting, and diagnosis of genetic disorders
• FAM TM carries the oligonucleotide for normal or wild type