Psychology

• Physcology is the scientific study of our thought patterns, feelings and behaviour.
• The scientific method consists of the steps: Identify, research, design, collect and analyse, interpret, report, and replicate.
• A correlational study measures the extent to which two variables are related
• An r-value indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. The closer the r-value is to -1 or 1, the stronger the relationship. Direction is indicated by whether the value is positive or negative.
• Formula for mean: sum of values / number of values
• Formula for median: N + 1 / 2 (the middle value in an ordered dataset)
• Mode is the most common value in a set of data. It is the value that occurs most frequently.
• Standard deviation is a measure of how far a typical data point lies from the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the greater the variability in the data.
• Standard error reveals how accurately sample data represents the whole population, it is used in error bars.
• Range formula: highest value - lowest value.
• Interquartile range formula: Q3 - Q1

  Q1 and Q3: number of values + 2 / 4 (even), number of values + 1 / 4 (odd)
• Outliers formula: Q1 - (1.5 x IQR) Q3 + (1.5 x 1QR)
• A p-value less than 0.05 indicates that the results are statistically significant as there is only a 5% chance or less that the results are due to chance. If this is the case, it rejects the null hypothesis
• Error bars are added to graphs to determine whether there is a significant difference between the means of the groups tested, error bars represent standard error.
• If error bars overlap, there is considered to be no significant difference between the groups. If error bars don't overlap, there is a significant difference between the groups.
• A null hypothesis states that there will be no difference in the dependent variable as a result of the independent variable.
• Experimental Designs: Independent groups (each group is exposed to a different condition), repeated measures (participants complete both conditions), and matched participants (participants are matched with another who has similar abilities, they are then split into either condition).
• Right to Withdrawal: Participants should have the right to withdraw from an investigation at any time, with no further obligations.
• Debriefing: The researcher must inform participants about the true nature of the experiment once it is over. This can include explaining why certain aspects were included, what was being measured, etc.
• Confidentiality: All data collected during the experiment must remain confidential unless consent is given otherwise by the participant.
• Informed Consent: Participants must fully understand the purpose of the experiment, what their involvement entails, and how their information may be used. They must also give voluntary consent, without pressurisation.
• Benefitiancy (do no harm): Research should benefit patients and their welfare while minimising risk. 
• Justice: Researchers should ensure that all individuals involved in the research receive equal treatment regardless of race, gender or social class.