lec 2

• Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon
• Organic compounds comprise the chemistry of carbon and a few other elements, chiefly sulfur (S), halogens (Fl, Cl, Br, or I), and phosphorus (P)
• Carbon can share 4 valence electrons and form 4 covalent bonds
• Carbon can bond with one another to form long chains and rings
• Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms
• Carbon has the ability to form an immense diversity of compounds
• Hydrocarbon is a compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen
• IUPAC system is used for the systematic naming of compounds
• Alkanes are hydrocarbons with a parent chain and substituents
• Parent chain alkanes have 'ane' as the suffix
• Substituents in alkanes end in 'yl' instead of 'ane'
• Alkenes are named using the same procedure as alkanes, with minor modifications
• Parent chain alkenes have 'ene' as the suffix
• Alkynes have a parent chain with the suffix '-yne'
• Ethers have an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms
• Alcohols contain an -OH (hydroxyl group) bonded to a tetrahedral carbon
• Thiols contain an -SH (sulfhydryl group)
• Amines are derivatives of ammonia, designated as primary, secondary, or tertiary
• Aldehydes have a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom
• Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon groups (alkyl group)
• Carboxylic acids have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
• Esters have a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to an -OR group
• Amides have a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom
• Anhydrides have two carbonyl groups bonded to the same oxygen
• Organic substances have varying polarities:

  • Alkanes: Nonpolar
  • Alkenes: Nonpolar
  • Alkynes: Nonpolar
  • Ethers: Slightly polar; mostly nonpolar
  • Alcohols: Polar
  • Thiols: Nonpolar
  • Aldehydes: Polar
  • Ketones: Polar
  • Carboxylic Acids: Polar