bio psych quiz 2

• Females

  • Have two X chromosomes
• Males

  • Have an X and Y chromosomes
• Müllerian ducts

  • Precursors to female internal structures
• Wolffian ducts

  • Precursors to male internal structures
• SRY gene

  • Present in male’s Y chromosome
  • Causes primitive gonads to develop into testes
• Androgen

  • Increase the growth of the testes
  • Cause the primitive wolffian ducts to develop into seminal vesicles and vas deferens
• Müllerian inhibiting hormone (MIH)

  • Causes mullerian ducts to degenerate
• Organizing effects

  • Produce long-lasting structural effects
  • During a sensitive stage of early development
  • Determine whether male or female anatomy
• Activating effects

  • Temporary
  • Lasts only while the hormone is present
• Sexually dimorphic nucleus

  • Contributes to controlling male sexual behavior
  • Larger in males than females
• Estrogens

  • Increase sensitivity in the pudendal nerve
• Testosterone

  • Enhances sensitivity in the penis
  • Increase nitric oxide release
  • Promotes penile erection
• Dopamine

  • Correlates with sexual activity
• Serotonin

  • Inhibits sexual activity by blocking dopamine release
• Antidepressant drugs

  • Increase serotonin activity
  • Decrease sexual arousal and orgasm
• Follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH)

  • After menstruation
  • Promoting growth of a follicle in the ovary
  • Nurtures egg cell and produces estradiol
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)

  • Mid-cycle
  • Triggers ovulation
  • Follicle releases the ovum
• Corpus luteum

  • Releasing progesterone 
  • To prepare the uterus for potential implantation an inhibiting further FH release
• Serotonin 3 (5HT3) receptor

  • During pregnancy
  • Increased estradiol and progesterone levels
  • Causing nausea due to heightened activity in this area
• Oxytocin

  • A pituitary hormone
  • Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release from the mammary gland
  • Promotes relaxation and decreased anxiety post-orgasm
  • “Love hormone”
• Vomeronasal organ

  • Organ that responds to pheromones
• Sex chromosomes

  • Controlling the production of sex hormone such as testosteron and estradiol
• Hormones

  • Contribute to the development of sexual identity and orientation
• Sexual variations

  • Sexual desires and behaviours or what is considered to be the normal range
  • What is unusual or atypical varies between cultures
  • Paraphilias
• Natural selection

  • Living long enough to reproduce
• Sexual selection

  • Convincing others to mate with you
• Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

  • Individuals whose genes help them survive will produce more offspring
  • More appealing to the other sex will increase the probability of reproduction
• Men

  • Interests:
  • Physical attractiveness
  • Health
  • Want for home life
  • Children in their long-term mates
• Women

  • Interests:
  • Maturity
  • Dependability
  • Education
  • Social status
  • Financial stability
• Two strategies of men

  • Be loyal to one woman
  • Mate with many women
• Gender identity

  • How we identify sexually and what we call ourselves
• Sex differences

  • Biological differences between males and females
• Gender differences

  • Differences that result from people’s thinking about themselves as male of female
• Intersexes

  • People whose sexual development is intermediate
• Hermaphrodite

  • Mixture of male and female
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

  • Overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from the birth
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

  • Stimulates adrenal gland
  • Secreted by the pituitary
• Cortisol

  • Decrease the release of ACTH
• Two types of CAH

  • Classic (diagnosed at birth)
  • Non-classic (diagnosed during adolescence to adulthood)
• Androgen insensitivity syndrom (AIS)

  • XY chromosomes are present but androgen receptors are absent
  • Internal testes prevent mestruation