Non-Fiction

• Tragedy - a humorous story with a happy ending Examples: Praybeyt Benjamin and Sisterakas
• Comedy- a serious story with a sad ending Examples: Romeo and Juliet Esperanza
• The theme of drama is called THOUGHT.
• The two types of drama are the following:

  TRAGEDY

  COMEDY
• THE TECHNIQUES IN DRAMA ARE:

  • ASIDE
  • SOLILOQUY
  • MONOLOGUE
  • DRAMATIC IRONY
  • ACT
  • FOURTH WALL
• Fourth Wall- the imaginary wall of the box theater setting, supposedly removed to allow the audience to see the action.
• Act- a major division in a play
• Dramatic Irony- a device in which the character holds a position or has an expectation reverse or fulfilled in a way that the character did not expect but the audience anticipated it because of their knowledge of the events.
• Monologue- a speech by a single character without another character's response.
• Soliloquy- a speech in a play that is meant to be heard by the audience but not by the other characters on stage.
• Aside- words spoken by an actor directly to the audience, but not heart by the other character
• Poetry - is different from fiction and drama because it is written in lines and stanzas instead of sentences and paragraphs. When studying poetry, it is useful first of all to consider the theme or the general idea and the overall development of the theme in the poem. Obviously, the sort of development that takes place depends to a considerable extent on the type of poem one is dealing with.
• The three (3) types of poetry are:

  lyric, narrative, and didactic poetry.
• Lyric Poetry- a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state

  Subcategories of the lyric are: elegy, ode, sonnet, dramatic monologue, occasional poetry.
• Elegy - a formal lament for the death of a particular person. Example:

  Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.
• Ode - a long lyric poem with a serious subject written in an elevated style. Famous examples are Wordsworth's Hymn to Duty
• Sonnet- originally a love poem which dealt with the lover's sufferings and hopes. Examples Shakespeare's Sonnet
• Dramatic monologue- where a speaker, who is explicitly someone other than the author, makes a speech to a silent auditor in a specific situation and at a critical moment. Example: Browning's My Last Duchess.
• Occasional poetry - written for a specific occasion: a wedding (then it is called an epithalamion,
• Narrative Poetry- A form of poetry that tells a story; the entire story is usually written in metered verse

  Subcategories of Narrative Poetry are:

  • Epics usually operate on a large scale, both in length and topic, such as the

  founding of a nation (Virgil's Aeneid) or the beginning of world history

  (Milton's Paradise Lost), they tend to use an elevated style of language and

  supernatural beings take part in the action.

  • ballad is a song, originally transmitted orally, which tells a story.
• Didactic Story - also known as descriptive poetry, primarily aims to teach

  something. This can take the form of very specific instructions, such as how to

  catch a fish, as in James Thomson's The Seasons.
• Poetic Techniques used in poetry include:

  • Imagery
  • Figures of Speech
  • Sound Effect Devices
• Imagery - Imagery - the use of language to create mental images and sensory impressions for emotional effect and intensity.
• Figures of Speech - an ornament of language which forces the reader to make imaginative leap in order to comprehend an author's point. The common figures of speech are: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, apostrophe, oxymoron, irony.
• Simile- a comparison of two unlike things of people using the words like or as.
• Metaphor- a subtle comparison in which an author describes a person or thing using words that are not meant to be taken literally.
• Personification- a figure of speech in which an inanimate object, animal or idea is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
• Hyperbole - an intentional and extreme exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
• Apostrophe - a figure of speech in which some absent non- existent person or thing is addressed as if present and capable of understanding or replying.

  Example: Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are
• Oxymoron - is a figure of speech in which opposites are paired for effect.
• Irony- a literary technique used to create meaning that seems to contradict the literal meaning or events. n simple words, it is a difference between appearance and reality.
• Sound Effect Devices- the use of sound as a means of reinforcing meaning.

  • Alliteration
  • Assonance
  • Consonance
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Repetition
  • Rhyme
• Alliteration - the repetition of the initial consonant sounds of stressed syllables.
• Assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences.
• Consonance- the cunning combination of consistently copied consonants and vowel sounds.
• Onomatopoeia- the use of sounds of objects.
• Repetition - the repeating of a word or phrase or phrase.
• Rhyme - a type of echoing which utilizes a correspondence of sound in the final accented vowels.
• CREATIVE NON-FICTION - is a factually accurate prose about real people and events presented in a compelling, vivid, and dramatic manner. The goal of this writing is to make nonfiction stories read like fiction so that readers are as enthralled by fact as they are by fantasy. Sometimes, it is called LITERARY JOURNALISM or the LITERATURE OF FACTS, as it merges the boundaries between literary art (fiction,poetry) and research nonfiction (statistical, fact-filled).
• Creative nonfiction should (1) include accurate and well researched information, (2) hold the interest of the reader, and (3) potentially blur the realms of fact and fiction in a pleasing, literary style (while remaining grounded in fact). In the end, creative nonfiction can be as experimental as fiction—it just needs to be based in the real.