[History] Industrial Revolution

• Most important feature of the Industrial Revolution: Machines
• Work done by hand was replaced by machines
• Industrial Revolution brought fundamental changes to society
• Industrial Revolution led to a process of industrialism and modernisation, also known as the 'Age of machines'
• Today's economic model, social system, and people's way of living gradually came into existence under the influence of the Industrial Revolution
• Factories were large places suitable for placing machines, big and driven by steam power
• Before the Industrial Revolution, production was carried out in scattered, half-mechanised workshops, but after, the factory system became the main mode of industrial production
• Workers in the new factories were assembled to work together, employed by the factory owner to produce a specific amount of products regularly according to the specifications set by the factory
• Division of labour increased productivity and coped with large-scale production. Raw materials were saved, and production costs were lowered
• During the Industrial Revolution, many countries in Europe and America rapidly industrialized
• Tertiary and secondary industries replaced agriculture as the major economic industries
• European and American countries accumulated great wealth, developed rapidly, and became great powers of the world
• Abundant capitals enabled Western countries to invest in technological research to improve production technology and create new products
• Industrial and agricultural productions were mechanised
• Industrialised countries used a lot of machines, requiring more raw materials and energy
• Great powers established colonies in Asia, Africa, Central and South America to find new markets and supplies of raw materials
• Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in villages, self-sufficient manors, and towns
• During the Industrial Revolution, population increased rapidly due to improved medical hygiene and food quality
• Many new industrial towns emerged, providing job opportunities and leading to agricultural mechanisation
• Industrial-capitalist class and the working class emerged as independent and opposite classes in society
• Industrial-capitalist class included owners of factories, mines, railways, and banks, belonging to the wealthy upper class of society
• Working class, also known as proletarians, owned nothing besides their physical working ability and were employed by capitalists to earn wages
• Poor working conditions included low pay, long working hours, poor working environment, and lack of safety equipment
• Poor living conditions in urban areas with slums, narrow streets, insufficient water supply, and infectious diseases
• Child labour was common, with children working long hours under poor conditions and were often abused
• Workers formed labour unions and organized strikes to fight for reasonable treatments, initially forbidden by the British government
• The British Parliament recognized the legal status of unions in 1824, leading to the development of British labour movements and welfare improvements for workers
• The Labour Party was formed in 1900 to support workers and became one of the major political parties of Britain
• Intellectuals explored the idea of an 'ideal society' and suggested the theory of socialism to fight for the welfare of the working class
• Production resources should be owned by the public for a reasonable distribution of wealth
• Schools of socialism, including moderate and radical approaches like Marxism, emerged
• 1833 Factory Act was the first factory act passed, setting regulations for child workers in textile factories
• Pronouns:

  • Direct Object Pronouns (coD) replace the direct object in a sentence
  • Example: Original sentence: "Je prends la BD" becomes "Je la prends" with the direct object pronoun "la" replacing "la BD"
• Adjectives:

  • Masculine: "ce" before a consonant, "cet" before a vowel
  • Feminine: "cette"
  • Plural: "ces"
• Question Words:

  • "Combien de" is used for "how many"
  • "Combien" is used for "how much"
• Verbs:

  • "Mélanger" means to mix
  • "Couper" means to cut
  • "Faire cuire" means to cook
  • "Mettre" means to put
• Prepositions:

  • "de" or "d'" are used after un/une to indicate possession or quantity (e.g., un verre de, d'eau)