NUTR

• Nutritional Label Must Include

  • Cholesterol
  • Sodium
  • Total and added sugars
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Calories
  • Fats
  • Vitamin D
  • Postassium
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Fiber
• Food Label Claim

  1. Qualified Health Claim: It can help prevent a disease (EX) Prevent heart disease. FDA REGULATED
• Food Label Claim

  2. Nutrient Content Claim: "Reduced Fat, Low sugar" Lower in this for a type of nutrient. FDA REGULATED
• Food Label Claim

  3. Structure Function Milk Example: Omega 3 in milk which can help _____.
• ORGANS INVOLVED IN DIGESTION

  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small Intestine
  5. Large Intestine
  6. Liver
  7. Pancreas
  8. Gallbladder
• ORGANS IN DIGESTION SECRETIONS

  1. Mouth secretes saliva and mucus
  2. Small intestine, Large intestine, Stomach secrete mucus.
  3. Mouth, Stomach, Small intestine, Pancreas secrete enzymes: amylase, lipase, protease.
  4. Liver secretes bile.
• Sphincter

  1. Upper Esophageal (m to e)
  2. Lower Esophageal (e to s)
  3. Pyloric (s to si)
  4. Ileocecal (si to li)
  5. Anal (le to anus)
• Monosaccharide

  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
• Disaccharide

  1. Sucrose (most abundant in fruits)
  2. Maltose (glucose + glucose, least abundant)
  3. Lactose (table sugar)
• Digestible Bonds

  Alpha
• Undigestible bonds

  Beta. Dietary Fibers.
• Monosaccharides

  Can be absorbed as is
• Disaccharides


  Have to be broken up because of the alpha bonds. They have to be broken up by their own enzymes.

  Lactose by lactase

  Sucrose by sucrase

  Maltose by maltase
• Amylose

  Unbranched chain of glucose
• Enterocytes are in...


  the small intestine
• Active Transport


  Movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against a gradient or an obstacle with the use of external energy.
• Passive Transport


  Type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Just water
• Facilitated Diffusion


  The passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it.
• Fructose


  Facilitated Diffusion
• Glucose and Galactose


  Need energy and Active Transport
• Carbohydrate Absorption

  1. Mouth with salivary amylase (it breaks down carbs).
  2. Stomach (amylase gets denatured)
  3. Small intestine (disacc and polysacc all gets broken down in enterocytes: lactase breaks down lactose, maltase breaks down maltose, sucrase breaks down sucrose)
  4. To go into cell, glucose and galactose need energy so it needs active transport. Fructose does not need energy (passive transport/ facilitated diffusion)
  5. Cell to hypatic portal vein where it will go to liver and then to the through rest of body.
• Lipid Absorption

  1. Mouth contains salivary lipase which breaks down triglycerides (most common, long chain fatty acids)
  2. Stomach (gastric lipase makes the lipids break down by mixing with other acids into smaller droplets)
  3. Small intestine signals the release of CCK.
  4. Bile will emulsify the droplets (engulfs phospholipids that are hydrophobic, and wont mix with water)
  5. Get broken down to micelles.
  6. Micelles repackage inside intestinal cell into chylomicrons.
  7. Go to lymphatic system/ portal vein
  8. Bypasses liver and the liver gets the chylomicron remnants
• Long Chain

  Go to lymphatic system as chylomicrons. REPACKAGED
• Short and Medium Chain

  Go to portal vein
• LIPOPROTEIN: Chylomicrons


  Made up of triglycerides. We make them in the small intestine.
• Chylomicron remnants go to the

  liver where it is converted to VLDL
• In the liver, fat leaves and travels as

  VLDL (very low density). Made of triglycerides in liver, throws out lipids. What goes out of liver.
• VLDL removes triglyceride and becomes

  LDL (low density lipoprotein) carries and is made up of cholesterol. Highest in cholesterol and BAD.
• Accumulation of LDL


  A plaque. Causes inflammation and gets under blood vessel wall.
• HDL


  Picks up extra cholesterol, shuttles it back to liver or gives it to cells that may need it.
• Saturated fat reduces liver's ability to pick up

  LDL
• Lower ____ and higher ____

  LDL, HDL
• Essential Amino Acids


  Indispensable. We cannot make these
• Non essential amino acids


  dispensable. We can make these
• Conditional Amino acids


  Consume when we are infants/ have a certain disease.
• Complete protein


  Any animal protein. Adequate amounts of all amino acids
• Incomplete proteins


  Inadequate amount. Less than or equal to amount. Plant proteins.
• 4 Elements found in all proteins

  1. Hydrogen
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Carbon
  4. Oxygen
• Kwashiorkor


  Protein deficiency. Stomach swells with small rest of body
• Marasmus


  Protein AND energy deficiency.