[BIO 11] LE 1 A

• Observation:

  • Careful observation of a process or phenomenon
  • Example: Arabica and Liberica coffee have different aroma
• Hypothesis:

  • Guess concerning the observation
  • Multiple hypothesis
  • Hypothesis must be testable
  • Example: Arabica and Liberica coffee contain different volatile compounds
• Experiment:

  • Test of a hypothesis
  • Controlled: all factors influencing the experiment (controls) must be kept constant
  • Example: Use gas chromatography to determine the volatile content of each coffee variety
• Conclusion: [Lec 1]

  • Draw conclusion based on results; Accept or reject hypothesis
  • Example: Arabica and Liberica have different volatile compounds that’s why they have different aroma
• Manifestations of Life: [Lec 2]

  • Life is defined as a particular set of processes that results from organization of matter
  • Life can be recognized by what living things do
• High Degree of Complexity and Order: [Lec 2]

  • Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels, with each level building on the levels below it
  • Example: Sunflower shows highly ordered structure
• Reproduction: [Lec 2]

  • Organisms reproduce their own kind, either asexually or sexually
  • Life comes only from life (BIOGENESIS)
  • Example: Giraffe’s offspring is also a giraffe, not another organism
• Growth and Development: [Lec 2]

  • Heritable programs stored in DNA direct the species-specific pattern of growth & development
  • Example: This plant will grow and develop through a species-specific pattern directed by the plant’s DNA
• Energy Processing/Utilization: [Lec 2]

  • Organisms take in & transform energy to do work, including the maintenance of their ordered state
  • Example: This butterfly obtains energy from the nectar and utilizes it to power flight
• Response to Environment: [Lec 2]

  • Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment
  • Example: When a grasshopper lands on the Venus flytrap, the flytrap closes immediately to capture the grasshopper
• Homeostasis/Balance: [Lec 2]

  • Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steady state even in the face of a fluctuating external environment
  • Example: Blood vessels in this rabbit’s ears help adjust heat exchange with the surrounding air
• Evolutionary Adaptation: [Lec 2]

  • Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms & their environment
  • Example: Pygmy sea horse can camouflage for protection
• General Attributes of the Cell:

  • All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have 4 common features: Plasma Membrane, Cytosol, DNA, and Ribosomes
• Plasma Membrane:

  • Phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its environment
  • Allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, wastes
• Cytosol:

  • A semifluid substance where organelles are suspended
• Cytoplasm:

  • Region between plasma membrane and nucleus
• DNA:

  • Chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA
• Ribosomes:

  • Tiny organelles that make proteins using instructions contained in the genes
• Prokaryotes:

  • Example: Bacteria, Archaea
  • Nucleoid, no membrane-bound nucleus
  • Circular strand of DNA
  • Few organelles
• Eukaryotes:

  • Example: Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
  • Nucleus bound by a membrane
  • DNA in several linear chromosomes
  • Many specialized membrane-bound organelles
• Cell component: Cell wall

  Function: Protection; Structural support

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: -
• Cell component: ECM (Extracellular Matrix)

  Function: Support; Anchorage

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: -
  2. Fungus: -
  3. Plant: -
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Plasma membrane

  Function: Regulation of movement of substances in and out of the cell

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Nucleus

  Function: Physical isolation and organization of DNA

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Chromosomes

  Function: Bearers of hereditary units

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: DNA

  Function: Encoding of hereditary information

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: RNA

  Function: Transcription and translation

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Nucleolus

  Function: Assembly of ribosomal units

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Nuclear envelope 

  Function: Regulates molecular traffic in and out of the nucleus

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Ribosomes

  Function: Protein synthesis

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Rough endoplasmic reticulum

  Function: Manufacture secretory proteins and membranes; protein modification

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  Function: Lipid synthesis

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Golgi body

  Function: Final modification, sorting, and packing of lipids and proteins 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Lysosome 

  Function: Intracellular digestion 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: -
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Chloroplast 

  Function: Photosynthesis; ATP formation 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: -
• Cell component: Mitochondrion 

  Function: ATP formation 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Central vacuole

  Function: Increasing cell surface; storage 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: -
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: -
• Cell component: Peroxisome 

  Function: With peroxide producing enzymes for specific metabolic pathways 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Cytoskeleton 

  Function: Cell shape; internal organization; basis of cellular motion 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: -

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +
  2. Fungus: +
  3. Plant: +
  4. Animal: +
• Cell component: Cilium, Flagellum 

  Function: Movement 

  Prokaryotic

  1. Moneran: +/-

  Eukaryotic

  1. Protistan: +/-
  2. Fungus: +/-
  3. Plant: +/-
  4. Animal: +/-