: Geophysical surveys can detect groundwater by mapping subsurface variations in rock and soil properties.
Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock, or other materials with tools, equipment, or explosives
Excavation includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling, and underground
Applications of excavation include exploration, environmental restoration, mining, and construction
The excavation process involves the moving and removing of soil and rock from an area where construction is going to take place
Shallow trenches are usually considered to be less than 6 m deep, and deep trenches greater than 6 m
Boring methods are widely used for subsurface investigations to collect samples in almost all types of soil for visual inspection or laboratory testing
Boring techniques include auger boring, rotary drilling, wash boring, percussion drilling, auger drilling, and test pits
Auger boring, rotary drilling, wash boring, percussion drilling, and test pits are methods for soil sampling
Soil sampling and classification are important for performing geotechnical and engineering tests on soils in the field
Geotechnical soil sampling methods vary and offer the opportunity to examine, describe, and classify freshly sampled soils on the spot
ASTM D 1586 standard penetration tests (SPT) utilize a divided sampling tube driven by a dropping weight to collect a representative soil sample and measure the penetration resistance of the soil
Shelby tube samplers or thin-wall samplers provide intact samples of fine-grained soils that are relatively undisturbed
