science L1

• BIG BANG THEORY

  >the most popular theory of our

  universe’s origin centers on a cosmic

  cataclysm unmatched in all of history

  >other galaxies are moving away from

  our own at high speed in all

  directions
• GEORGE LEMAITRE

  >the universe began

  from a single

  primordial atom
• Edwin Hubble

  >observed that

  galaxies are

  speeding away from

  us in all directions
• Leftover light of BIG BANG

  >THE GLOW OF COSMIC

  MICROWAVE background radiation

  >the radiation is used to transmit TV

  signals via antennas, oldest type of

  radiation
• NASA TECHNOLOGY Views Birth of

  the Universe

  >Astronomers announced that

  there is a direct evidence that

  gravitational waves rippled though

  our universe

  > an explosive period of growth called

  INFLATION
• PAUL HERTZ (NASA Astrophysics

  Division director in Washington DC)

  >The detector is ground-based and

  balloon borne experiments.

  > allows them to mature

  technologies for space missions

  and make discoveries about the

  universe
• Plank satellite ( European Space

  Agency mission)

  >NASA provided detector and cooler

  technology

  > confirmed the basic theory of the

  universe (existence of inflation and

  cosmic microwave background

  radiation)
• Jamie Bock( project co-leader of

  NASA’s Jet propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA)

  >developed the BICEP2 detector technology,

  small quantum fluctuations were amplified to

  enormous sizes by the expansion of the

  universe

  > they tested the existence of GRAVITATIONAL

  WAVES
• GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

  >produced a characteristics swirly pattern in polarized

  light called “B-mode” polarization

  > light can become polarized by scattering off surfaces,

  such as a car or pond

  > COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND, light

  scattered off particles called electrons to become

  slightly polarized
• SUPERCONDUCTORS - are materials that, when

  chilled, allow electrical current to flow freely, with

  zero resistance
• GEOCENTRIC MODEL

  1. Developed by Ptolemy.

  b. also know as EARTH-CENTERED

  Solar System Model

  c. Earth has been assigned the central

  place in the universe.
• NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1543)

  Developed the Heliocentric or SUN-CENTERED

  SYSTEM OF PLANETARY MOTIONS.

  b. The sun and the celestial bodies that revolve

  around it, including the planets with their satellites,

  comets and meteors, comprise the Solar System.
• Immanuel Kant, German Philosopher

  Laplace (1796)

  1. Solar system was derived from the

  condensation of dispersed gaseous

  atmosphere surrounding the sun

  b. Increased rotational velocity of this

  atmosphere during condensation of an

  enormously dispersed gaseous atmosphere

  c. produced discoidal shape, the plane of the disk, as critical point

  is reached, centrifugal force throw off part of the gas as a ring and

  materials of each ring assembled into a gaseous globe, which became

  planet
• PLANETISIMAL THEORY

  1. it supposed that the planetary

  system was formed from materials

  removed from the sun by tidal action

  caused by a passing star

  B. The projection became masses of

  gases that revolved around the sun

  C. The larger bodies attracted

  smaller ones and became PLANETS.
• DUST CLOUD THEORY (1945)

  formulated by the German physicist Carl Friedrich

  von Weizacken and US Chemist Harold C. Urey

  b. The nebula was assumed to have a composition

  mainly of Hydrogen and helium like the sun, with

  only 1% of heavier elements. The mass of this is

  just 10% of the sun’s mass.

  c. The gas molecules moved faster as they were closer to

  the sun. The interactions produced swirls forming

  lumps in the nebula that could grow to become planets

  and satellites.
• PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS (1949) states that the original nebula was so massive

  on further contraction and flattening, it broke into

  separate clouds or protoplanets.

  b. As they contracted, they developed denser cores

  surrounded by large atmospheres of the lighter

  gases.

  c. Shrinking primitive sun became hot enough to

  emit powerful corpuscular and ultraviolet radiation.
• Accretion is the process of growth or Increase, typically by the gradual I accumulation of additional layers or matter.

  A planetesimal is an object formed from dust, rock, and other materials.

  A protoplanet is a large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc (planet in the making)
• The Nebular Hypothesis

  1.The temperature increased as the nebula collapsed

  3.Rotation increased with temperature

  Nebula eventually flattened into a disk

  2.As the sun was forming in the center of the nebula, dust particles in the outer regions combined to form planetesimals a few km across
• T.C. Chamberlain and F. R. Moulton's (1904) planetesimal hypothesis involving a star much bigger than the Sun passing by the Sun and draws gaseous filaments from both out which planetisimals were formed;