the living cells

• proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids


  organic compounds in the human body
• coenzymes and amine hormones

  nitrogenous non-protein in the human body
• Nucleus


  the control center of a cell, stores genetic information, and the site of DNA replication and transcription to RNA
• mitochondrion


  They convert the energy in the bonds of glucose and oxygen to readily available energy in the form of ATP
• Ribosome


  responsible for protein synthesis
• Lysosome


  help break down and remove old worn out cell parts and are involved in the digestion of food particles brought into the cell through infoldings in the plasma membrane
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 


  primarily involved in the synthesis of membrane proteins and protein from the cell
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  functions include lipid synthesis and biotransformation
• Golgi Apparatus


  involved in the packaging and distribution of cell products to internal and external compartments
• Plasma membrane


  a vital component of cellular control with the responsibility to restrict what can enter or leave the cell.
• Extraction, homogenization, and differential centrifugation


  Steps for Subcellular Fractionation
• 0-4 ˚C


  Cell disruption procedures are carried out at this temperature
• extraction


  first step toward isolating a specific organelle
• Homogenate


  the resulting suspension, containing many intact organelles
• Homogenization


  Homogenization- to extract an organelle from cells, it is necessary to disrupt the cells under mild condition
• blender or homogenizer


  Most common method of homogenizing
• hand grinding


  Gentlest procedure of homogenization
• Differential Centrifugation


  separates the homogenates into fractions as cell organelles of different sizes are separated according to their rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal field
• Molisch test 


  test for carbohydrates
• Biuret test


  Test used to detect peptide bonds
• purple ring


  positive result for molisch test
• Pink or violet solution


  positive result for biuret test
• Sudan IV solution test

  test for lipids
• reddish-orange layer


  positive result for sudan IV solution test
• dische reaction test


  reacts with deoxyribose of DNA
• blue solution


  positive result for Dische test
• Feulgen's reaction test

  the purine base of the DNA is removed using hydrochloric acid and when the aldehyde portion is exposed schiff’s reagent is added, the result is a magenta or reddish-purple solution
• orcinol test


  tests for pentoses in RNA
• green to bluish solution

  positive result for orcinol test
• phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, and sterols


  four major classes of lipids
• cholesterol


  abundant in the mammalian cell and absent in the prokaryotic cell
• endoproteins and ectoproteins


  two types of proteins in plasma membrane