Thermal Energy

• Thermodynamics is the movement of heat and its study of transformations to other forms of energy – chemical, mechanical, electrical, or radiant and vice versa
• 1st Law of thermodynamics states that the internal energy of a system is affected by the heat it absorbs(or releases) and the work done by the system or work done on the system
• 2nd law of thermodynamics states that there are limits to how much useful work can be extracted from any given amount of energy
• Heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius
• Specific Heat Capacity (Cp) is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius
• 3rd law of thermodynamics states that all matter has an absolute zero temperature at which no further decrease in entropy (disorder) is possible
• Thermal energy – sum of KE and PE of all the atoms & molecules of a body
• Open system allows exchange of matter and energy with its surrounding.
• Closed system can exchange energy but not matter, with the environment
• Isolated system does not exchange energy nor matter
• Steam engines are external combustion engines where burning of fuel takes place outside engines
• Heat engines obey the First Law of thermodynamics in their conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy
• The second law of thermodynamics states that without external energy, heat will never spontaneously flow from a cold object to a hot object
• Work is done by the engine
• Heat engines obey the First Law and Second Law of thermodynamics in their conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy
• A measure of how well an engine operates is given by the thermal efficiency of the engine
• An electric transformer is a device that uses electromagnetic induction to pass an alternating current (AC) signal from one electric circuit to another, often changing (or "transforming") the voltage and electric current.
• ➔ Electrostatics - is the physics that deals with the interactions of static (non-moving) electric charges. It involves forces between charged objects
• Electric force - force of attraction and repulsion of an object due to the charge.
• Electric Charge - is an electrical property of matter that creates a force between objects
• Load - device that uses electrical energy to operate; converts electrical energy into other forms of energy
• Electrical conductor - materials in which electric charges can move easily
• Energy source - converts some type of energy