Chapter 1-3

• The Earth consists of 4 spheres: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, and Biosphere
• Atmosphere is the layer of gases and tiny particles that surround the earth
• Hydrosphere refers to all water found on earth and in the atmosphere which includes water in its solid, liquid and gaseous state
• Lithosphere is the layer of rock that form the earth’s surface
• Biosphere refers to all living things on the Earth
• Housing refers to the structures of buildings developed by people to shelter themselves from the elements
• Transport systems refers to the equipment, infrastructure and networks that support the movement of people and goods from one location to another
• Space refers to a physical area on the earth‘s surface
• Location is expressed using a set of coordinates like latitude and longitude. It is also arranged in a spatial pattern
• Place refers to an area on the earth‘s surface that holds special meaning for people
• Environment refers to the physical and built environment
• Scale is the level of detail at which geographers studies something
• The three scales that geographers use are map scale, time scale, and geographic scale
• The five stages of conducting geographical investigation is framing the geographical investigation, collecting data, analysing and presenting data, drawing conclusions, reflecting and taking action
• Resource is a material that is identified by people to be useful
• Renewable resources are replenished naturally more or less within the same time period when they are used
• Non renewable materials may or may not be replenished naturally
• The 3Rs are reduce, reuse, recycle
• the hydrological cycle is a sequence of processes like precipitation, infiltration, percolation, ground water, surface runoff, evaporation, transpiration, and condensation